Chapter 3 Induction Motor

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
401065
ELECTRIC MACHINES
CHAPTER 3
INDUCTION MOTORS
24/12/2019 401065 - Chapter 3: Induction Motor 1

CHAPTER 3: INDUCTION MOTORS
3.1. Overview
3.2. Rotating magnetic field
3.3. Induction motor equivalent circuit
3.4. Analysis of the equivalent circuit
3.5. Torque and power by use of Thevenin's
theorem
3.6. Determination of motor parameters
3.7. Starting induction motors
3.8. Operational characteristics
OBJECTIVES
 Know and remember the construction,
working principle applications and starting
of induction motors.
 Understand the equivalent circuit, power
flow.
 Apply to calculate the currents, voltages,
energy efficiency and torques, and
determine of motor parameters.
 Analysis operational characteristics.
3.1. OVERVIEW
3.1.1. Introduction
 Induction machine is an AC rotation electric
machines, it’ working is based on the principle of
electromagnetic induction.
 Rotors speed  rotation magnetic field speed
nnr r nnss== synchronous nr < ns : working as motor
synchronous speed
speed nr > ns : working as generator
 Induction motors (IM) are used worldwide in

many residential, commercial, industrial, and
utility applications.
3.1. OVERVIEW
3.1.1. Introduction
 Advantages:
 Simple design
 Inexpensive
 High power to weight ratio
 Easy to maintain
 Disadvantages:
 Not easy to have variable speed control
 Requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for
optimal speed control

3.1. OVERVIEW
3.1.2. Construction
Terminals
ä box
Statorùcore
Stator winding
á ï
Cooling fan
ä
Motor Shaft
Rotor ùcore
Cover
3.1. OVERVIEW
3.1.2. Construction
 An IM has two main parts
 Stator:
• Stator Core:

3.1. OVERVIEW
3.1.2. Construction
 Stator:
• Stator windings :

3.1. OVERVIEW
3.1.2. Construction
 Rotor : There are basically 2 types of rotor construction
• Squirrel-cage rotor
Core Winding

3.1. OVERVIEW
3.1.2. Construction
 Rotor : There are basically 2 types of rotor construction
• Wound-rotor

3.2. ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
3.2.1. How the rotating magnetic field is
produced?
 When a 3-phase stator winding is connected to a
3-phase voltage supply, 3-phase current will flow in
the windings, which also will induced 3 phase flux in
the stator.

produced?

produced?
 Speed of rotating flux = Synchronous speed
120. f p = is the number of poles

ns  (r.p.m)
p f = the frequency of supply
 The rotating flux magnitude is constant :

  (3 / 2).max max is the individual magnitude
phase flux

3.2.2. Principle operation of IM
 The rotating magnetic field cuts
the rotor windings and produces
an induced voltage in the rotor
windings.
 The rotor windings are short
circuited and induced current
flows in the rotor windings.
 The rotor current interacts with the flux Φ,
producing torque. The rotor rotates in the direction
of the rotating flux.
Can the IM run at the

synchronous speed ? Why?
 The slip speed nsl= ns - nr

 The % slip:
n s  nr  s   r n  n (1  s ) n [rpm - revolutions
s  or r s
per minute]
ns s r  s (1  s )  [rad/s]
 If rotor run as synchronous speed nr = ns s = 0
 If rotor is stationary nr = 0  s = 1
The electrical frequency on the rotor
 An IM is similar to a rotating transformer where the
primary is similar to the stator and the secondary would
be a rotor
 Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding
of the IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the
same frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage
 Rotor frequency :
f R  s. f

3.3. INDUCTION-MOTOR
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
The IM is similar to the transformer with the
exception that its secondary windings are free
to rotate.
f fR
The transformer model or an induction motor, with rotor and stator

connected by an ideal transformer of turns ratio aeff.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
3.3.1. The rotor equivalent circuit
f R  s. f
E R  s. E R 0
X R  R . LR  2 . f R . LR
 2 .( s. f ). LR  s. X R 0
ER0 - the largest value of the rotor’s induced voltage
obtained at s=1(locked rotor)
XR0 - is the rotor reactance at the supply frequency
(at blocked rotor)
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
3.3.1. The rotor equivalent circuit

E s. 
E E
I R  R
 R 0
 R0
RR  jX R RR  j  sX R 0   RR 
   jX R 0
 s 
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
3.3.2. The equivalent circuit of IM
 Now we can combine the stator and rotor circuits
in one equivalent circuit
Air gap X 2  aeff
2
. X R0
R2  aeff
2
. RR
IR
I2 
aeff
E2  aeff . E R 0
NS
aeff 
NR
Single-phase equivalent circuit for a IM motor.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
3.3.2. The equivalent circuit of IM
 IEEE recommended equivalent circuit
R2 1 s 
 R2  R2  
s  s 
Note: Rc is omitted. The

core loss is lumped with
the rotational loss.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
3.3.3. How to read a motor name plate

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

 Rated power (HP; W) :
The output mechanical power at full load
(HP : horse power – 1HP=746W)
Rated power = Torque x Rotor speed
Prated = Trated. R-rated P[W]; T[N.m]; [rad/s]
 Rated voltage (V) :
The specific voltage level are designed to yield optimal
performance.
Vrated = VL-L : line voltage

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
 Rated Current or Full Load Amp Rating (FLA)
The current motor will consume at 100% of rated load
and at rated and balanced voltage.
 Rated frequency: frated
 RPM (Speed)
The shaft speed (rotor speed) in revolution/minute at
rated load and rated voltage and frequency.
 Power factor (P.F)
 Efficiency
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Example 1:
A 3-phase, 460 V, 100 hp, 60 Hz, four‑pole
induction machine delivers rated output power
at a slip of 0.05. Determine the:
(a) Synchronous speed and rotor speed.
(b) Frequency of the rotor circuit.
(c) Slip rpm.
(d) Torque out at full-load
(e) Rated current, as P.F=0.8 and Eff = 85%

3.4. ANALYSIS OF THE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
3.4.1. Power Flow Pin  3.U L I L cos 
Where:
• Pin - Power in PSCL  3. I12 .R1
• PSCL - Stator copper loss Pcore
• Pcore- Core loss PAG  3I 22 ( R2 / s )
• PAG - Air gap power transferred
from stator to rotor
PRCL  3 . I 2
2 . R2
• PRCL - Rotor copper loss  PAG .s

1 s 
• Pmech - Mechanical power Pmech  3I 2 R2 
2

developed by the motor  s 
• Pf&w - Friction and windage loss  PAG (1  s )
• Pout - Mechanical power out =
load power = Pload Pf  w
24/12/2019 401065 - Chapter 3: Induction Motor Pout 26
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
3.4.2. Torque
 The electromechanical Tmech corresponding to the
power Pmech
Pmech PAG 3. I 22 . R2 / s 
Tmech   
r s s
 The Shaft Torque
Pout Pmech  Pf  w
Tshaft  TLoad    Tconv  Trotational
r r

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Example 2:
A 480-V, 60 Hz, 50-hp, 3-phase induction motor is
drawing 60A at 0.85 PF lagging. The stator copper
losses are 2 kW, and the rotor copper losses are
700 W. The friction and windage losses are 600 W,
the core losses are 1800 W, and the stray losses
are negligible. Find the following quantities:
a/ The air-gap power PAG.
b/ The mechanical power Pmech
c/ The output power Pout.
d/ The efficiency of the motor.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Example 3:
A three-phase Y-connected 220-V (line-to-line) 7.5-
kW 60-Hz six-pole induction motor has the following
parameter values in /phase referred to the stator:
R1=0,294; R2= 0,144; X1=0,503; X2=0,209;
Xm=13,25.
The total friction, windage, and core losses may be
assumed to be constant at 403W, independent of
load. For a slip of 2 percent when the motor is
operated at rated voltage and frequency. Compute:
a/ The speed c/ Output power and torque
b/ Stator current d/ Power factor and efficiency.
3.5. TORQUE AND POWER BY USE
OF THEVENIN'S THEOREM
3.5.1. IM equivalent circuits expressed by
Thevenin's theorem:

jX m
VTH  V1
R1  jX 1  jX m
Xm
VTH  V1
R12  ( X 1  X m )2
( R1  jX 1 ). jX m
ZTH 
( R1  jX 1 )  jX m

 Since XM>>X1 and XM>>R1
 Xm 
VTH  V1  
 X1  X m 
 Because XM>>X1 and XM+X1>>R1
2
 Xm 
RTH  R1  
 X1  X m 
X TH  X 1

3.5.2. The Torque-speed characteristic:
From : VTH
I2  2
 R2 
 RTH     X TH  X 2 
2
 s 
and:
Pmech PAG 3. I 22 . R2 / s 
Tmech   
r s s
3.VTH2 . R2 / s 
Tmech 
Thus:

s  RTH  2

 ( R2 / s )  X TH  X 2  2

Typical torque-speed characteristics of induction motor

Complete Speed-torque
 Maximum Torque:
when: R2
sT max  2
RTH  ( X TH  X 2 )2
then: 3VTH2
2 R 
Tmax 
s TH  R 2
TH  ( X TH  X 2 ) 2

 Stating Torque:
when : nr = 0  s = 1
then: 3.VTH2 R2
Tstart 

s  RTH  R2    X TH  X 2 
2 2


 From here we can say:
 Torque is related to the square of the applied voltage
 Torque is also inversely proportional to the machine
impedances
 Slip during maximum torque is dependent upon rotor
resistance
 Torque is also independent to rotor resistance as
shown in the maximum torque equation.

 By adding more resistance to the machine
impedances, we can vary:
 Starting torque
 Max pull out speed

Example 4:
A 460-V, 25-hp, 60-Hz, four-pole, Y-connected wound-rotor
induction motor has the following impedances in /phase
referred to the stator circuit: R1=0,641; R2=0,332; X1=1,106;
X2=0,464; Xm=26,3.
a/ What is the maximum torque of this motor? At what speed
and slip does it occur?
b/ What is the starting torque of this motor?
c/ If the rotor resistance is doubled, what is the speed at which
the maximum torque now occur? What is the new starting
torque of the motor?

3.6. DETERMINATION OF MOTOR
PARAMETERS
The tests are used to determine the motor
parameters:
 DC test: determine the stator resistance R1
 No-load test: determine the rotational losses
and magnetization current (similar to no-load test in
Transformers).
 Locked-rotor test: determine the rotor and
stator impedances (similar to short-circuit test in
Transformers).

PARAMETERS
3.6.1. DC test  to determine R1
The DC source is IDC
adjusted to provide
approximately rated
stator current
VDC
RDC
VDC - If the stator is Y-connected: R1 
RDC  2
I DC
- If the stator is  -connected: 3
R1  RDC
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PARAMETERS
3.6.2. No-load test
 The motor is allowed to spin freely

 The only load on the motor is the friction and
windage losses, so all Pmech is consumed by
mechanical losses
 The slip is very small
PARAMETERS
3.6.2. No-load test

PARAMETERS
3.6.2. No-load test
 The measurements :
 VL-nl - The line-to-line voltage [V]  V : phase voltage
 The line current [A]  I : phase current
 Pin-nl - The total polyphase electrical input power[W]
 To Compute:

With: Pin  nl  PSCL  Pcore  Pf & w  and:
V
 3.I .R1  Prot
2
 Z nl   X1  X M
I
So: P  P  3.I 2
rot in  nl  .R1
PARAMETERS
3.6.3. Blocked-Rotor Test
 The rotor is locked or blocked so that it cannot
move (n=0; s=1)
 The AC voltage applied to the stator is adjusted
so that the current flow is approximately full-load
value.
 The measurements:
 VL-bl --The line-to-line voltage [V]  V
 IL-bl -- The line current [A]  I
 Pin-bl -- The total polyphase electrical input power [W]
 fbl = The frequency of the blocked-rotor test [Hz]
PARAMETERS
Pinbl V Rbl  Z bl . cos 

cos   Z bl 
3.U Lbl I Lbl I X 'bl  Z bl . sin 
PARAMETERS
Rbl  R1  R2 R2  Rbl  R1
f rated X m  Z nl  X 1
X bl  . X 'bl  X 1  X 2
f bl

PARAMETERS
Rbl  R1  R2 R2  Rbl  R1
f rated X m  Z nl  X 1
X bl  . X 'bl  X 1  X 2
f bl

PARAMETERS
Example 5: The following test results are obtained from a
three-phase, class B, 60 hp, 2200 V, Y-connected, six‑pole, 60 Hz
squirrel‑cage induction motor.
(1) No‑load test: frequency = 60 Hz; Line voltage = 2200 V
Line current = 4.5 A; Input power = 1600 W
(2) Blocked‑rotor test: frequency = 15 Hz, Line voltage = 270 V
Line current = 25 A; Input power = 9000 W
(3) Average DC resistance per stator phase: 2.8 
a/ Determine the no‑load rotational loss.
b/Determine the parameters of the IEEE‑recommended
equivalent circuit
c/ Determine the parameters (Vth, Rth, Xth) for the Thevenin
equivalent circuit.
3.7. STARTING INDUCTION
MOTORS
3.7.1. Direct online starting (DOL)
 Small 3-phase IM can be started DOL, which
means that the rated supply is directly applied to
the motor.
 The starting current would be very large, usually
5 to 7 times the rated current.
 The starting torque is likely to be 1.5 to 2.5 times
the full load torque.
 DOL starter is generally used for motors that
are rated below 5kW
MOTORS
3.7.1. Direct online starting (DOL)
 The starting current:
V
I Start( ) 
( R1  R2 )   X 1  X 2 
2 2
I Start( L )
 The starting torque:
3.VTH2 R2
TStart 

s  RTH  2

 R2  X TH  X 2  2

MOTORS
3.7.2. Indirect starting
 Starting Of Slip-Ring Motors:
 Rm
Rm

MOTORS
 Starting Of Squirrel Cage
Motors
 Using Primary Resistors
(or chokes)
- Input voltage decreases k times
- Starting current decreases k times
- Starting torque decreases k2 times.
I L start TStart
I ' L start  T 'Stat  2
k k
MOTORS
 Starting Of Squirrel Cage Motors
 Using an autotransformer (turn ratio: a)
- Input voltage was
reduced a times
- Starting current reduced
a2 times
- Starting torque reduced
a2 times.
I L start TStart
I ' L start  2
T 'Start  2
a a
MOTORS
b. Starting Of Squirrel Cage Motors
 Star-delta starting
- Used in the motors, which
are designed to run on delta
connected stator at rating.
- The input voltage decreases
3 times. So:
I L start TStart
I ' L start  T 'Start 
3 3

MOTORS
3.7.3. Deep-Bar and Double-Squirrel-
Cage Rotors.
Deep Bar or Double-Squirrel-Cage rotor used in

induction motors to increase the torque and
decrease current during starting.
3.8. OPERATIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
Ro
to rs
pe Efficiency
e d
t or
a c
r F
w e
Po r ent
c ur
ta tor
S
er In
Pow

SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENT
 In this chapter, we have learnt:
 Construction and working principle of IM
 The equivalent circuit
 Power flow and torque
 Determination of parameters
 Starting
 Operational characteristic

SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENT
 ASSIGNMENT:
 Refer: [1]: 306-356; [2]: 251-276; [3]: 333-334
 Home exercises:
[1]: 6.3(p.349); 6.13(352); 6.22(354)
[5]: 7.2(p.202); 7.23(p.206); 7.26(p.206)

Chapter 3 Induction Motor

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Chapter 3 Induction Motor

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TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND

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 Induction motors (IM) are used worldwide in

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120. f p = is the number of poles

 The rotating flux magnitude is constant :

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Can the IM run at the

 The slip speed nsl= ns - nr

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The transformer model or an induction motor, with rotor and stator

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Note: Rc is omitted. The

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3.3.3. How to read a motor name plate

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• PRCL - Rotor copper loss  PAG .s

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Typical torque-speed characteristics of induction motor

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 The motor is allowed to spin freely

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Pinbl V Rbl  Z bl . cos 

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Deep Bar or Double-Squirrel-Cage rotor used in

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