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Cognitivism
 Cognitivism
Summary
Summary
• Cognitive processes influence
learning
• As children grow, they become
Examples capable of increasingly more
sophisticated thought
• People organize the things that
Historical they learn
Perspective

More
Concluding Remarks
 Cognitivism
Examples
Summary
1. Mnemonic Effect
2. Meaningful Effect
Examples 3. Serial Position Effect
4. Practice Effect
Historical 5. State Dependant Effect
Perspective

Concluding Remarks
 Cognitivism
Historical Perspective
Summary
• Jean Piaget
• Lev Vygotsky
Examples • Edward Tolman

Historical
Perspective

Concluding Remarks
 Cognitivism
Summary
Summary
•New information is most easily
acquired when people can associate
it with the things they have already
learned
Examples
• People control their own learning
• The more meaningful the
Historical information is, the easier it is
Perspective learned and remembered

Concluding Remarks
 Cognitivism
Mnemonic Effect
Summary
• Silly Songs (ABC)
• Please Excuse My Dear Aunt
Sally
Examples
• Rhymes (e-i)

Historical
Perspective
Back
Concluding Remarks
 Cognitivism
Meaningful Effect
Summary
Meaningful information is
retained easier
1. Fractions—too abstract unless
Examples related to something that students
are already familiar with (e.g. pizza
or pie)

Historical
Perspective
Back
Concluding Remarks
 Cognitivism
Serial Position Effect
Summary
Items at the beginning of a list or
at the end are easier to remember
1. Classroom directions
Examples
2. Driving directions
Unless…

Historical 3. If item in the middle is distinctively

Perspective different (e.g. blue, red, yellow,
brown, cat, orange, purple, pink,
green)
Concluding Remarks
Back
 Cognitivism
Practice Effect
Summary
Perfect practice makes perfect
1. Spelling words are learned easier
by writing, visualizing, and orally
Examples spelling rather than just one context

Historical
Perspective
Back
Concluding Remarks
 Cognitivism
State Dependent Effect
Summary
Learning in one context is easier
to remember in that context
1. Informative posters on the wall
Examples
2. Informative Bulletin Boards

Historical
Perspective
Back
Concluding Remarks
 Cognitivism
Jean Piaget
Summary
• Focused on logical
reasoning and the
structure of knowledge
Examples
• People are intrinsically
motivated to make sense of
the world (i.e. learn)
Historical
Perspective • There are different “stages” of
learning Back
Concluding Remarks
 Cognitivism
Lev Vygotsky
Summary
• Russian psychologist
and philosopher
• Learning = social and
Examples
collaborative activity
• Thought and language
Historical develop independently of each
Perspective other (until 2 years old)
Back
Concluding Remarks
 Cognitivism
Edward Tolman
Summary
• Learning can occur
without a reward
(reinforcement)
Examples
• Learning occurs because of
organization
Historical • Most behavior is intentional
Perspective (not reactive)
Back
Concluding Remarks
 Cognitivism
Conclusion
Summary
Weakness—
Student learns one way, but
may not be the best way.
Examples
Strength—
Produces consistency.
Historical
Everyone accomplishes the
Perspective
task the say way.
Concluding Remarks
 Cognitivism
At school
Summary
Cognitive strategies are one
type of learning strategy that
learners use in order to learn
Examples more successfully.
All of these strategies
involve deliberate
In Practice manipulation of language to
improve learning.
Concluding Remarks
 Cognitivism
Example
Summary
A learner remembers new
words by visualising them
represented in a memorable
In Practice or ridiculous situation.
This makes it easier and
faster to recall these words.
Example

Concluding Remarks
 Cognitivism
In the Classroom
In Practice
AIn the classroo Activities
which can be described as
cognitive strategies include
Example making mind maps,
visualisation, association,
mnemonics, using clues in
In The reading comprehension,
Classroom underlining key words,
scanning and self-testing
Concluding Remarks and monitoring.