St.

John Ambulance Uganda

Welcomes you.

To the First Aid at

Work Training
(FAW)
 Instructor
SSENJOBE PATRICK
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH INSTRUCTOR/
EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIAN
CONTACT:
+256 782 485072
+256 704 448406
+256 756 485072
bhspatrick@yahoo.com
 1. EMERGENCY SCENE MANAGEMENT

• OUT COMES
 Explain the terms used in first aid.
 Describe the legal implications when giving
first aid.
 State principle of safety when giving F.A.
 Recognize & provide F.A for psychological
emergencies
 Cont.
 Apply the principles of F.A.
 Demonstrate the principles of ESM.
 Perform a scene survey.
 Perform a primary survey.
 Perform a secondary survey.
 Perform on going casualty care until hand
over.
 Perform sequential steps of ESM.
 What is first aid?
• F.A is the emergency help given to an injured
or suddenly ill person using the available
resources.
 Why do we give first aid?
 To preserve life.
 Prevent the situation from worsening.
 Promote recovery.
 What can a first aider do?
a) Keep the unnecessary people away.
b) Reassure and comfort the family & friends of
the casualty.
c) Protect the casualties belongings.
d) Clean up the emergency scene.
 First aid and the law.
 Giving first aid as part of your job.
 Giving first aid at the emergency scene.
(here use the good Samaritan principles).
 The good Samaritan principle
 Consent. • Identify your self as a
first aider and get
permission.
 Implied consent. • In case you identify your
self and the cas’ doesn’t
respond.
• Act according to the
 Reasonable skills & level of knowledge and
care. skills you have.
 Cont’
 Negligence. • Use common sense &
make sure your actions
are in the cas’s best
interest.
 Abandonment.
• Never leave a cas’ who
is in your care.
( stay with them until
hand over)
 First aid and safety.
(the 3 basic types of risks)
The number one rule is to give first aid safely.
The energy source that caused the original injury.
(machinery is still running after causing an injury.)
Hazards from external factors. (an explosion next or
passing vehicles)
 Hazards of rescue or first aid procedures. Mind
your actions at the scene to control injuries
 Preventing infection
• Consider in mind that your being closer to
the patient may lead to cross infection.
Either through air, blood or
coughing/sneezing.
• Examples of 3 infections carried by blood.
i. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) this
virus is responsible for AIDS (Acquired
Immunodeficiency syndrome)
 Cont’
ii. Hepatitis B. Hepatitis is a viral disease of the
liver that can cause severe liver damage. Or
liver cancer this has a vaccine
iii. Hepatitis C. this too causes the liver damage
as hepatitis B but there is currently no vaccine
available for its prevention.
 UNIVERSAL PRECUATIONS
1) Wear gloves
2) Use face shields/ masks designed to prevent
infection transmission ie when providing
CPR.
3) Wash your hands with soap and clean
running water immediately after any cas’
contact.
Check pg 1-5 how to remove gloves (demo)
 SAFTEY IN A VIOLENT SITUATION
Violent situations are common so always be on
look.
a. Consider your own safety first & then other
safety.
b. Give first aid for any injuries & be sensitive
to the cas’s emotional state.
c. Keep by stander a distance as possible.
(privacy)
d. Leave every thing at the scene 4 police.
 CHILD ABUSE
Be on alert for signs of child abuse when giving
first aid to a child with injuries. To detect
possible child abuse look for:
1. Injuries that would not be normal for a child.
2. Unusually shaped bruises or burns.
3. The child’s apparent fear of the parents or
caregiver.
Child abuse NO. 0800111222/0800222333
 Help at an emergency scene.
• You use :
 Other first aiders
 Bystanders.
 Authorities ie police officers, ambulance
personnel, fire fighters, among others.
 Off-duty doctors, nurses and other health
professionals.
 Medical help.
• This is given by a doctor or under his
supervision. Ambulance personnel give
medical help because they work under the
doctor’s supervision. Though medical help is
give in hospitals, it can also be given at an
emergency scene or on the way to a medical
facility.
 Golden Hour.
• This refers to the first hour after one has been
injured. This time is golden because, if the
casualty with severe life threaten injuries
arrives at the hospital within this hour, their
chance of survival is quite good. After this first
hour, their chance of survival drops very
quickly.
 How to get medical help
a. To call an ambulance, give the phone
number
b. What is wrong with the cas & give worst
possible situations to make sure the cas gets
the urgent care he may need.
c. The location (where you are)
d. And the person you are sending to
report back to you for confirmation.
 Example
• Please call the St.John ambulance. Dial
0414230671 and tell them that we have an
adult male casualty who is unresponsive.
We are on Kampala road at fido dido. Do
not hung up until you are told to do so
and come back here.
 Emergency Scene Management.
ESM steps.
a) Scene Survey: here one takes control of
the scene by;
- taking charge of the situation
- call out for help.
- assess hazards
- get the history (what happened)
- the number of casualties and the
injury mechanism (s)
 Cont’
- obtain consent
- assess responsiveness
- send or go for medical help
b) Primary Survey
Here you check for the priorities. (vitals)
Airway: to ensure its clear.
Breathing: ensure there its effective.
Circulation: ensure its also effective.
 Primary Survey.
• Responsive casualty
 Check the airway by: asking
what happened? How well the
casualty answers tell if the
airway is clear.
 Check breathing for at least 10
seconds
 Check circulation – control
obvious, severe bleeding, check
for shock (skin condition &
temp) rapid body survey.
• Unresponsive casualty
 Open the airway by HTCL
maneuver. If you suspect a
spinal injury first check
breathing be opening the
Airway & use the jaw thrust
maneuver.
 Check breathing for 10 seconds
while the airway is open, look,
listen & feel. If breathing is
absent, give 2 breaths.
 Circulation - begin CPR to
circulate blood to the brain and
use a defibrillator if available
 3. Secondary survey.
a) Find the history of the cas using SAMPLE
b) Assess the vital signs
- level of consciousness (LOC)
- Pulse
- Skin condition & temperature.
c) Head to toe examination.
d) Give first aid for injuries and illnesses found.
 4. Ongoing casualty care.
a) Give first aid for shock.
- Reassure the casualty.
- Loosen any tight closing.
- Place the casualty in the best position for the
condition.
- Cover the casualty to preserve body heat
b) Monitor the casualty’s condition
-check the ABCs often
- Give nothing by mouth.
 Cont’d
c) Record the events of the Situation
- Protect the casualty’s belongings.
d) Report on what happened.
 After the handover
• The effects of critical incident stress can
appear many weeks, months or years after the
event. Incase CIS cases effects to you, start by
talking to your family doctor or health
professional at work or at the clinic. They may
suggest a course of actions for dealing with
the effects of CIS
 ESM STEPS- HEAD SPINAL INJURIES
(CONSCIOUS CAS.)
 Begin ESM. Perform a scene survey.
 Determine the number of casualties, what happened and the
injury mechanism.
 Send a bystander for medical help
 Support the head and neck in position found.
 Assess responsiveness.
 Perform a primary survey
 Instruct a bystander how to steady and support the head and
neck.
 Check circulation (skin condition & temperature
then rapid body survey)
 Give ongoing casualty care until medical help takes over.
 Audio-visual scenario.
A spectator in an arena falls down a set of
stairs, st john ambulance volunteers respond
and perform ESM for a casualty with
suspected head and spinal injuries
Practice and assessment
Management of a collapsed victim

DEMO & PRACTICE-

RECOVERY POSITION.
ESM STEPS – UNRESPONSIVE CASUALTY.
 Begin ESM – scene survey & take charge.
 Attract bystanders by shouting for help.
 Assess hazards.
 Make the area safe.
 Determine the number of casualties, what happened and the injury
mechanism.
 Identify your self as a first aider & offer to help.
 Assess responsiveness.
 Send a bystander for medical help.
 Perform a primary survey.
 If breathing check for the quality & rate.
 Check circulation (skin condition & temp & rapid body survey)
 Give ongoing casualty care.
 Audio – visual scenario.
a shopper collapses in a store, an employee
trained in first aid assists the unconscious
casualty until the paramedics arrive.
Practice and assessment.
Any questions?
 SHOCK, FAINTING AND
UNCONSCIOUSNESS.

OUTCOMES
Recognise Shock.
Provide first aid for Shock.
Recognise unconsciousness.
Provide first aid for unconsciousness.
Recognise fainting.
Provide first aid for fainting.
 Groups.
BOROBORO: Shock
MAN-U: Unconsciousness.
ARSENAL: Fainting.
Task.
a) Define the condition.
b) Give the possible causes of the condition
c) List signs & symptoms of the
condition
d) First aid treatment for the condition.
 Shock.
• What is shock?

It is a circulatory problem where the body’s

tissues do not get enough blood ie those in
the brain, lungs, heart, etc. This is medical
shock.
 Causes of Shock
• How it affects the circulatory
• Shock causes system
 Severe bleeding internal/external.  Not enough blood to fill the blood
vessels.
 Severe burns.  Loss of plasma.
 Crush injuries.  Loss of plasma & blood into tissues.
 Heart not strong enough to pump.
 Heart attack.  Brain can’t control the size of blood
in
the vessels.
 Spinal cord or nerve injuries.
 Breathing,
heart function, etc may be affected.
 Severe allergic reaction.
 Signs & symptoms of Shock
 Signs  Symptoms
 Pale skin which turns bluish-  Restless.
grey.  Anxious.
 Bluish-purple lips, tongue,  Disoriented.
earlobes and fingernails.  Confused.
 Cold clammy skin.  Afraid.
 Breathing shallow & irregular,  Dizzy.
fast/gasping for air.
 Thirsty, may be very thirsty.
 Changes in LOC
 Weak, rapid pulse- radial
pulse may be absent.
 Minimizing shock
 Give first aid for the injury or illness that
caused shock.
 Reassure the casualty often.
 Minimize pain by handling the casualty gently.
 Loosen tight clothing at the neck chest and
waist.
 Keep the casualty warm & don’t
overheat
 Moisten the lips if the casualty
complains of thirsty.
 Cont’d
 Place the casualty in the best position for his
condition.
 Continue ongoing casualty care.

NB. The above first aid for shock also prevents

shock from getting worse.
 Casualty positions in shock
The position depend on the casualty's condition.
1. No suspected head/spinal injury- fully
conscious: place him in shock position.
2. No suspected head/spinal injury- less than
fully conscious: place in RP.
3. Suspected head/spinal injury: steady &
support the casualty in position found &
monitor the ABCs
 Cont’d
4. As injuries permit: A casualty’s injuries may
not permit you to put him into the shock
position. Ie to ease breathing, place the
casualty with breathing problems in eg heart
attack, asthma in semi sitting position. (to
comfort him/her).
 Level of consciousness (LOC)
• Consciousness means being aware of your
surrounding. (completely conscious to completely
unconscious).
Causes of change in the casualty’s LOC
a. A breathing emergency
b. A head injury
c. Heart attack
d. Shock
e. Poisoning
f. Alcohol or drug abuse.
g. Medical conditions ie epilepsy,diabetes,etc
 unconsciousness
• What unconsciousness?
Unconsciousness means being un aware of your
surrounding.
Semi-consciousness/unconsciousness are
breathing emergencies coz the tongue may fall
at the back of the throat blocking the airway.
 Assessing LOC
• First aiders use the MGCS to assess &
describe the LOC. The scale is based on the
casualty’s ability:
I. To open the eyes: eye opening response.
II. To speak: the verbal response.
III. To move muscles: motor response.
 Illustration.
Conscious Semi- unconscious
casualty conscious
Eye Eyes open Eyes open to Eyes don’t
opening Spontaneously speech or open
response pain
Verbal is oriented & Confused, Not aware of
response alert doesn’t make his
sense surrounding
Motor Obeys Reacts to pain Doesn’t react
response commands but doesn’t to pain.
obey
commands
 First aid for semi-consciousness and
unconsciousness
• ESM
• Send/call for medical help
• Perform a primary survey
• Perform a secondary if necessary
• Turn the cas into RP if injuries permit
• Loosen tight any clothing
• Give ongoing casualty care.
 Fainting
What is fainting?
This is the loss of consciousness that lasts a
short time.
It is caused by a temporary shortage of
oxygenated blood to the brain.
 Why people faint.
Fear or anxiety
Lack of fresh air
Tiredness or hunger
Underlying medical problems
Severe pain, injury/illness.
Long periods of standing
The sight of blood.
 Impending faint- feels faint.
• When one is about to faint will experience the
following warning signs.
 Will look pale
 Sweating
 Feels sick.
 Nauseous
 Dizzy and unsteady.
 First aid for impending fainting.
• Lay the casualty down with feet raised about
30 cm
• Ensure a supply of fresh air (keep
windows/doors open)
• Loosen tight clothing at the neck chest and
waist
• Stay with the casualty until fully recovered.
NB: if on plane/bus, have the casualty sit with
the head lower than his shoulders.
 General first aid for fainting
• Start ESM & send/call for medical help.
• Check ABCs
• Perform a secondary survey
• Turn the casualty into RP if injuries permit
• Ensure fresh air is supplied
• Make the casualty comfortable as
consciousness returns (keep the cas down for
10 to 15 minutes)
Any questions?
 Breathing Emergencies
Outcome.
• Describe the basic anatomy of the respiratory
system.
• Recognize breathing emergency.
• Provide first aid for breathing emergencies
 Breathing emergencies
• Continuous effective breathing is vital for life.
When a person’s breathing is affected, thru
injury/illness, his life is in immediate danger.
As a first aider, you have to be able to
recognize a breathing emergency very quickly
& know what F.A to give.
 Hypoxia

• A breathing emergency that causes lack of o2 in the

body.
Causes.
 Lack of o2 e.g
 An environment where the o2 level is low, such as at
a high altitude.
 O2 is displaced by other gases ie carbon monoxide,
silo gas on a farm/industrial chemical
 O2 in a small space is used up. Ie a young child
trapped in a old refrigerator quickly uses up all the
air.
 Blocked air way
• The casualty chokes on a foreign object, like
food.
• The casualty is face up while unconscious and
the tongue blocks the air way.
• The casualty’s airway is swollen from an
infection.
 CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCIES.
OUT COMES.
 Apply the knowledge of cardiovascular
disease.
 Apply the knowledge of risk factors of
cardiovascular disease.
 Apply the knowledge of preventive health
measures.
 Cont’d
 Apply principles of first aid for cardiovascular
emergencies.
 Recognize Angina/Heart attack & provide first
aid
 Recognize cardiac arrest.
 Recognize a stroke/TIA & provide first aid
 CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCIES.
GROUP ONE GROUP TWO
(ANGINA) (HEART ATTACK)
QUESTIONS: QUESTIONS: 1-4
1.What is the condition?.
2.What are the causes?.
3.What are the signs &
GROUP THREE
symptoms?.
( STROKE )
4.What first aid is
QUESTIONS: 1-4
given?.
 One-rescuer CPR-Adult.
Out comes.
Recognize cardiac arrest.
Perform one-rescuer cardio pulmonary
resuscitation(CPR) on an adult.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION-CPR.
 One-rescuer CPR-Adult.
Out comes.
Recognize cardiac arrest.
Perform one-rescuer cardio pulmonary
resuscitation(CPR) on an adult.
THE HEART.
 AGES IN CPR.

1. Infant= under one year.

2. Child= between one year & puberty.
3. Adult= post puberty.
 CPR STEPS
• Begin emergency scene management
• Assess responsiveness
• Send for medical help
• Open the airway
• Check for breathing for 10 seconds
Look, listen and feel
 Protocol changes.
• Push hard! Push fast.
• Assessment of casualty based on & lack of normal
breathing.
• CPR sequences changed to 30:2
• No land mark.
• Give compressions at rate of 100 per minute
• Full release of the chest after each compression.
Continue compressions and
ventilations in the ratio of 30:2 until

i. An AED is applied.
ii. The casualty responds.
iii. Another first aider takes over.
iv. Medical help takes over.
v. You are exhausted and cant
continue any more.
Any questions?
 Breathing Emergencies
Outcome.
• Describe the basic anatomy of the respiratory
system.
• Recognize breathing emergency.
• Provide first aid for breathing emergencies
 Breathing emergencies
• Continuous effective breathing is vital for life.
When a person’s breathing is affected, thru
injury/illness, his life is in immediate danger.
As a first aider, you have to be able to
recognize a breathing emergency very quickly
& know what F.A to give.
 Hypoxia

• A breathing emergency that causes lack of o2 in the

body.
Causes.
 Lack of o2 e.g
 An environment where the o2 level is low, such as at
a high altitude.
 O2 is displaced by other gases ie carbon monoxide,
silo gas on a farm/industrial chemical
 O2 in a small space is used up. Ie a young child
trapped in a old refrigerator quickly uses up all the
air.
 Blocked air way
• The casualty chokes on a foreign object, like
food.
• The casualty is face up while unconscious and
the tongue blocks the air way.
• The casualty’s airway is swollen from an
infection.
 CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCIES.
OUT COMES.
 Apply the knowledge of cardiovascular
disease.
 Apply the knowledge of risk factors of
cardiovascular disease.
 Apply the knowledge of preventive health
measures.
 Cont’d
 Apply principles of first aid for cardiovascular
emergencies.
 Recognize Angina/Heart attack & provide first
aid
 Recognize cardiac arrest.
 Recognize a stroke/TIA & provide first aid
 CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCIES.
GROUP ONE GROUP TWO
(ANGINA) (HEART ATTACK)
QUESTIONS: QUESTIONS: 1-4
1.What is the condition?.
2.What are the causes?.
3.What are the signs &
GROUP THREE
symptoms?.
( STROKE )
4.What first aid is
QUESTIONS: 1-4
given?.
 One-rescuer CPR-Adult.
Out comes.
Recognize cardiac arrest.
Perform one-rescuer cardio pulmonary
resuscitation(CPR) on an adult.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION-CPR.
 One-rescuer CPR-Adult.
Out comes.
Recognize cardiac arrest.
Perform one-rescuer cardio pulmonary
resuscitation(CPR) on an adult.
THE HEART.
 AGES IN CPR.

1. Infant= under one year.

2. Child= between one year & puberty.
3. Adult= post puberty.
 CPR STEPS
• Begin emergency scene management
• Assess responsiveness
• Send for medical help
• Open the airway
• Check for breathing for 10 seconds
Look, listen and feel
 Protocol changes.
• Push hard! Push fast.
• Assessment of casualty based on & lack of normal
breathing.
• CPR sequences changed to 30:2
• No land mark.
• Give compressions at rate of 100 per minute
• Full release of the chest after each compression.
Continue compressions and
ventilations in the ratio of 30:2 until

i. An AED is applied.
ii. The casualty responds.
iii. Another first aider takes over.
iv. Medical help takes over.
v. You are exhausted and cant
continue any more.
Any questions?
 CHOKING - ADULT
OUTCOMES
Employ measures to prevent choking
Recognize choking
Provide fist aid for a choking adult casualty
Provide ongoing casualty care until handover
for a casualty whose airway has been cleared
 Contents of the first aid box
1. Cotton wool
2. Sterile gauze
3. Antiseptic e.g. hibitane
/iodine/spirit
4. Medical gloves
5. Plaster / strapping
6. Bandages (crepe/
triangular, gauze)
7. Wooden splints-for
arm and leg
8. Pair of scissors
9. Face mask
10. Flashlight.
11. Thermometer
12. Icebox or bag
13. Eye pads
14. Safety pin
15. Emergency drugs:
i. Paracetamol tablets
ii. Pain relieving liniment / spray
iii. Glucose powder
iv. Oral rehydration salt
v. Burns cure cream
vi. Magnesium tablets
vii. Charcoal tablets
viii. Antibiotic
CHOKING

• Signs
 Signs of choking:
1. Mild obstruction. (‘I’m 2. Severe obstruction. (‘I’m
choking but I can choking but I can’t
breathe.”) breathe!)
• able to speak • Not able to speak
• Distress-eyes show • Weak or no coughing
fear • No noise
• Forceful coughing • Cyanosis
• Wheezing & gagging
between coughs
• Reddish face
• Clutching the throat
 First aid for choking
Actions:
1. If a mild obstruction encourage coughing.
2. If severe obstruction use Heimlich
Maneuver.
3. If the casualty becomes unconscious and
breathing fails send for medical help and
start CPR; ( cardio pulmonary resuscitation).
30:2 ratio
CHOKING :DEMO & practice
Any questions?
WOU NDS & BLEEDING. OUTCOMES

Describe measures to prevent further

contamination & infection of the wounds.
Demonstrate the use of dressings and
bandages in first aid procedures
Recognize major wounds
Recognize severe bleeding and internal
bleeding
Provide first aid for wounds with severe
external bleeding
 Cont’d
Provide first aid for amputations and care for
amputations tissue
Recognize adequate circulation to the
extremities and provide the appropriate first
aid
Provide first aid for internal bleeding
 What is a wound?
• It is any break in the soft tissue of the body, which
usually results in bleeding and may allow germs
to enter the body. This may be;

 Open wound : A break in the outer layer of the

skin. (Bleeding is external)
 Closed wound: No break in the outer layer of the
skin. (Bleeding is internal)
 BLEEDING

• What is bleeding?
This is the escape of body fluids from an opening
on the vessels. Ie ( escape of blood from the
blood vessels). This can be;
1) External
2) Internal
Bleeding is either;
a) Arterial b) Venous c) capillary
 TYPES OF WOUNDS.

i. Contusions/ Bruises: closed wounds usually

caused by a fall or a blow from some thing blunt.
ii. Abrasions/Scraps: open wounds where the
outer protective layer of the skin and the tiny
underlying blood vessels are exposed, but the
deeper layer is still intact.
iii. Incisions: clean cuts in the soft tissue caused by
some thing sharp ie a knife.
 Cont’d

iv. Lacerations: Tear in the skin and underlying tissue. ( the

edges of wound are jagged and irregular & dirt is likely to
be present).
v. Puncture wound: Open wounds caused by blunt or
pointed instruments ie nails, spears, animal teeth knives,
etc.
vi. Avulsions: Injuries that leave a piece of the skin or other
tissue partially or completely torn from the body.
vii. Amputations: Partial or complete loss of a body part
caused by machinery or cutting ctools.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF BLEEDING
 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF BLEEDING

• Pale, cold & clammy skin

• Rapid pulse, gradually becoming weaker.
• Faintness, dizziness, thirst & nausea
• Blood
• Restlessness an anxiety
• Shallow breathing, yawning, sighing and gasping
for air.
PRINCIPLES OF COTROLLING BLEEDING

• Direct pressure
• Rest
BLEEDING CONTROL
(Exert direct pressure)
BLEEDING CONTROL (REST)
 Dressings & Bandages
• These the basic tools of first aid, essential
for wound care & injuries to bone. They
can be commercially or improvised.
Dressing.
What is a dressing?
It is a protective covering put on a wound to
help control bleeding, absorb blood &
prevent further contamination.
 A dressing should be:
• Sterile & clean as possible.
• Large enough to completely cover the
wound.
• Highly absorbent to keep the wound dry.
• Compressible, thick & soft
• Non-stick (not to stick in the wound)
• Fluff-free- cotton wool or fluffy materials
may not be used.
 Commonly used dressings
• Adhesive dressing (plasters)
• Gauze dressings
• Pressure dressings
• Improvised dressing.
 Guidelines for putting on dressings.
 Prevent further contamination by using
clean materials available ie dressings,
wear gloves & wash hands before handling
the casualty.
 Ensure the dressing covers beyond all the
edges of the wound.
 If blood soaks thru a dressing, leave it in
place & cover with more dressings.
 Secure a dressing with tape or bandages.
 Bandages
What is a bandage?
It is any material used to secure/hold a
dressing in place, maintain pressure
over a wound, support the limb or
joint, immobilize parts of the body &
secure splints. (they can be
commercially prepared or improvised)
 Using Bandages.
• Apply them firmly to make sure
bleeding is controlled or immobilization
is achieved.
• Check circulation beyond the
bandage frequently to ensure the
bandage is not too tight.
• Use bandages only as bandages not
as pads or dressing.
Any questions?
 BLEEDING FROM SPECIAL SITES

NOSE BLEEDING

• Sit casualty down with head held well forward.

• Ask the casualty to breathe through the mouth &
pinch nose just below bridge. Help if necessary.
• Avoid speech, swallowing, spitting or sniffing. May
disturb blood clots
 Bandages.
• Head bandage. • Triangular bandage.
• Knee bandage.  Broad bandage.
• Foot bandage.  Narrow bandage.
• Arm sling.  Broad & narrow pad.
• St john tubular sling.  Ring pad.
 Tie a reef note.
DEMO. TRAINGULAR BANDAGE
• Triangular bandage
• Broad bandage
• Narrow bandage
• Pad
• A ring pad
• A reef knot
• Arm sling
• Tubular sling.
VISUAL AID , DEMO & PRACTICE
Any questions?
 BURNS.
• OUT COMES.
a) Describe measures to prevent burns.
b) Recognize burns.
c) Provide first aid.
 What is a burn?
• Its an injury to the skin and other tissues
caused by heat, radiation/chemicals.
 Recognition of burns.

First degree. Second degree. Third degree.

Skin colour is Skin looks raw Skin is pearly
& is mottled in red coloured or
pink to red. colour. charred black.
Slight Skin is moist & Skin is dry &
swelling. ranges in colour leathery.
Tenderness to from white to See blood-
severe pain in cherry red. vessels & bones
the injured area. Blisters that under the skin.
contain clear Little/ no pain.
fluids. (nerves are
Extreme pain. destroyed)
 Types of burns:
• Heat burns( also called “thermal” burns)
• Chemical burns.
• Electrical burns.
• Radiation burns.
 Severity of a burn
The severity of a burn is determined according
to the characteristics listed below. Burns are
classified as critical, moderate or mild. This is
important when there is more than one
casualty and you have to decide who to send
to medical help first.
• The depth of the burn – this is called the
degree of the burn.
• The a mount of the body surface that is
burned.
• The age and physical condition of the casualty.
crit
VISUAL AID , DEMO & PRACTICE
Any questions?
 BONE AND JOINT INJURIES.
OUT COMES.
 Recognize bone & joint injuries.
 Provide first aid for bone & joint injuries of
the upper limbs.
 Recognize muscle strains & provide first aid.
 Recognize repetitive strain injury & provide
first aid.
 INJURIES TO BONES.
• FRACTURES “#”.
These include:
1. Closed fractures.
2. Open fractures.
 Other terms to describe particular #s types
are:
1. Depression #-in ward fracture of the
skull.
2. Complicated #-damage of internal
organs by broken bones ie broken ribs.
3. Transverse #-bone breaks straight
across.
4. Spiral #-bone breaks by twisting.
5. Oblique #-bone breaks @ a steep angle.
6. Green stick # the bone breaking isn’t right through.
 CAUSES OF #S.
• FORCES: Direct & indirect.
• INFECTIONS: Bone T.B,Cancer,etc.
• DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS: aging.
• POOR DIET: Lack of calcium/potassium.
• etc.
 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS.
• Pain/tenderness.
• Function loss.
• Bleeding.
• Swelling/bruising.
• Deformity.
• Shock.
• Crepitus: snapping sound/sensation.
 INJURIES TO JOINTS.
• SPRAINS.
• STRAINS.
• DISLOCATIONS.
 GENERAL TREAT’T
• Begin Esm.
• USE RICE FOR INJURIES • Primary survey.
• Stead &support obvious #s.
TO BONES,JOINTS &
MUSCLES. • Secondary survey to extent
needed.
 R-Rest • Apply RICE.
 I-Immobilize. • Un natural mov’t/failure to
 C-Cold. move.
 E-Elevation. • Give on going cas’ care.
R-Rest

I-Immobilize.

C-Cold.

E-Elevation.
 FRACTURES (#s) TO LOOK AT
• Collar Bone #
• Open upper arm #
• Fore arm #
• Upper leg # (femur)
• Closed # of the knee
• Lower leg # Tibia/Fibula
• Sprained ankle
• strains
Any questions?
 Medical conditions
Upon completion of lesson 12 and in an emergency
situation, the learner will be able to:
• Recognize a diabetic emergency
• Provide first aid for a diabetic emergency
• Recognize an epileptic seizure
• Provide first aid for an epileptic seizure
• Recognize fever convulsions
• Provide first aid for fever convulsions
 Cont.
• Recognize a severe asthma attack
• Provide first aid for a severe asthma attack
• Recognize a severe allergic reaction
• Provide first aid for a severe allergic reaction
Audio – visual scenario.
Any questions?
 Groups.
Onions: Diabetic emergency.
Tomatoes: Seizures and convulsions.
Green paper: Fever emergencies.
French beans: Bronchial asthma.
Others: Severe allergic reactions.
Task.
a) Define the condition.
b) Give the possible causes of the condition
c) List signs & symptoms of the condition
d) First aid treatment for the condition.
 What is diabetes ?
• In a health person the body produces the insulin needed to
allow cells to take up sugar and convert the sugar into energy.
Diabetes is a condition in which there is either not enough
insulin in the blood or there is enough insulin but the cell can
not use the insulin properly. As a result ,sugar builds up in the
blood, and the cells do not get the energy they need. A
person with diabetes takes medication by mouth or injection
and, carefully controls what they eat the source of energy)
and their level of exercise the (use of energy). A diabetic
emergency occurs when there is too much or too little insulin
in the blood.
Any questions?
Multiple casualty management (triage)
Outcomes:
Upon completion of lesson 13 and in an emergency
situation, the learner will be able to :
• Classify priorities of first aid and transportation in a
multiple casualty situation.
• Provide first aid for multiple casualty according to
changing first aid priorities.
• Provide ongoing casualty care for multiple casualties.
 Perform a triage
Task.
a) Unconscious man lying on his back but
breathing.
b) A severe bleeding man on his forearm.
c) A pregnant woman in labour.
d) A screaming teenager girl with no obvious
injuries.
e) A driver in cardiac arrest.
Any questions?
THANK YOU