CHEMISTRY

Water
Occurrence: It is there in the solid, liquid and
gaseous state in nature. It is there in the free
state as well as combined state.
There are two types of water:
Natural water
Treated water.
Solution: It is a homogenous mixture of a solute
in a solvent.
Solute: Substance which dissolves in the solvent
to form a solution.
Solvent: Liquid which allows the solute to dissolve
in it so as to form a solution.

Dilute solution: A solution in which the amount of

solute is relatively small compared to the
amount of solvent.
Concentrated solution: A solution in which the
amount of solute is relatively large compared to
the amount of solvent.
Saturated and unsaturated solutions
Saturated solution: A solution which cannot
dissolve more of the solute at a given
temperature is called a saturated solution.
Unsaturated solution: A solution which can
dissolve more of the solute at a given
temperature is called unsaturated solution.
Super saturated solution: It is the one which
can hold or contains more of the solute at a
given temperature than that present in a
saturated solution
Solvent Solute it dissolves

Benzene Rubber

Turpentine oil Paints, Paraffin wax

Cabon disulphide Sulphur, Phosphorus

Acetone Cellulose acetate

Alcohol Iodine, Chlorophyll

Oxalic acid Rust

Methylated spirit Chlorophyll

 Solubility : The solubility of a solute in a
solvent is the maximum amount of the solute
in grams that will saturate 100 g of the
solvent at that temperature.

 Solubility curve: It is a graph showing the

effect of temperature on solubility of
substance.
In some cases , solubility of a solid
increases with rise in temperature.
Ex: KNO3, KClO3, NaNO3 etc
 In some solids, solubility of the substances
increase slightly with rise in temperature or it
remains same.
Ex: NaCl, KCl

In some solids , solubility of the substances

decreases with rise in temperature.
Ex: CaSO4, Ca(OH)2
Effect of temperature and pressure on
the solubility of gases.
 When temperature increases solubility of
gases decreases.

 When pressure increases, solubility of gases

increases.
 Crystallisation: The process by which crystals
are separated or deposited from a hot
saturated solution of a substance n coling
gently is called crystallisation.

 Water of crystallisation: The fixed number of

water molecules which enters into a loose
chemical combination with the substance
when the substance is crystallised from its
hot saturated solution.
Hydrated substances Anhydrous substances
 Contain fixed number  Does not contain any
of water molecules. fixed number of water
 Ex: CaSO4.2H2O molecules.
CuSO4.5H2O
 Ex: KCl
KNO3
MgSO4.7H2O
NaCl
Na2SO4.10H2O K2SO4
CaCl2.6H2O
 Efflorescent Substance:
Crystalline hydrated salts which on
exposure to the atmosphere lose their
moisture partly or completely to the
atmosphere and change into amorphous
state.
Ex: Na2CO3.10H2O
CuSO4.5H2O
Na2SSO4.10H2O
Deliquescent substances:
 Water soluble salts which on exposure to the
atmosphere absorb moisture from the
atmosphere and change into liquid state.
 Ex: FeCl3
 CaCl2
 ZnCl2
 NaOH
 KOH
Hygroscopic substances
 The substances which absorb moisture from
the atmosphere when exposed it without
changing their state.
 Ex: Conc.H2SO4
 CaO
 P2O5
 Silica gel
 Drying agents:
The substances which can readily absorb or
remove moisture from other substances.
Ex: Fused CaCl2, CaO, Conc H2SO4.

Dehydrating substances:
Substances which remove chemically
combined water from compounds
Ex: Conc H2SO4.