PHYSICS

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF KINETIC THEORY

 OBJECTIVES
Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the
Kinetic Molecular Theory to model atomic and molecular
motion in chemical and physical processes.
 GASES
Gases are one of the most pervasive aspects of our
environment on the Earth. We continually exist with
constant exposure to gases of all forms.

The steam formed in the air during a hot shower is a

gas.

The Helium used to fill a birthday balloon is a gas.

The oxygen in the air is an essential gas for life.

DON’T FORGET TO DREAM…
 PRESSURE DIFFERENCE=WIND
A windy day or a still day is a result of the difference in pressure of
gases in two different locations. A fresh breeze on a mountain peak
is a study in basic gas laws.
GASES UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS
 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

Postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

1.Gases consist of tiny particles (atoms or molecules)

2.These particles are so small, compared with the distances

between them, that the volume (size) of the individual particles can
be assumed to be negligible (zero).
 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

3. The particles are in constant random motion, colliding with the

walls of the container. These collisions with the walls cause the
pressure exerted by the gas.

4. The particles are assumed not to attract or to repel each other.

5. The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is directly

proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas
RELAX FOR ONE MINUTE
 EXAMPLE
This cola bottle represents matter in three different states—
solid, liquid, and gas. The bottles and caps are solids, the cola is a
liquid, and carbon dioxide dissolved in the cola is a gas. It gives
cola its fizz. Solids, liquids, and gases such as these have different
properties. Solids have a fixed shape and a fixed volume. Liquids
also have a fixed volume but can change their shape. Gases have
neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume. What explains these
differences in states of matter? The answer has to do with energy.
 KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
Energy is the ability to cause changes in matter. For example, your
body uses chemical energy when you lift your arm or take a step. In
both cases, energy is used to move matter—you. Any matter that is
moving has energy just because it’s moving. The energy of moving
matter is called kinetic energy. Scientists think that the particles of all
matter are in constant motion. In other words, the particles of matter
have kinetic energy. The theory that all matter consists of constantly
moving particles is called the kinetic theory of matter. 
Do not forget about notes!
PHASE TRANSITION
is the
transformation of a
thermodynamic

system from one

phase to another.
PHASE TRANSITION
The processes represented by
the red arrows require energy
input.
 
The processes represented by
the black arrows release
energy.
 KINETIC ENERGY OF GAS FORMULA
Application of the "Kinetic Molecular Theory" to the Gas Laws

In an ideal gas, there are no attractive forces between the gas

molecules, and there is no rotation or vibration within the molecules.
The kinetic energy of the translational motion of an ideal gas depends
on its temperature. The formula for the kinetic energy of a gas
defines the average kinetic energy per molecule. The kinetic energy
is measured in Joules (J), and the temperature is measured in Kelvin
(K).

  3 3 𝑅
𝐾𝐸 𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑇
2 2 𝑁𝐴
 KINETIC ENERGY OF GAS FORMULA

Temperature is a measure of the average random kinetic energy

of the molecules of an ideal gas.
 STATES OF MATTER
This step looks at the behavior of a fixed quantity of gas under
varying pressure, volume and temperature.
 STATES OF MATTER
Differences in kinetic energy explain why matter exists in different
states. Particles of matter are attracted to each other, so they tend to pull
together. The particles can move apart only if they have enough kinetic
energy to overcome this force of attraction. It’s like a tug of war between
opposing sides, with the force of attraction between particles on one side
and the kinetic energy of individual particles on the other side. The
outcome of the “war” determines the state of matter.
STATES OF MATTER
 QUIZ - 1
Standard Temperature is defined to be 273.15 K.

What is the average translational kinetic energy of a single

molecule of an ideal gas at Standard Temperature?
 QUIZ - 2
 One mole (mol) of any substance consists of 6.022 molecules.

(Avogadro's number). What is the translational kinetic energy

of 12 mol of an ideal gas at 300 K?
 QA
How could you use a bottle of cola to demonstrate these
relationships between kinetic energy and state of matter?
 QUIZ - 3
What is the average translational kinetic energy of molecules in
an ideal gas at 37°C?
THANK YOU!