Chapter 5 Combinational Circuits (Adders and Data Transmitters)

Chapter 5
Combinational Logic Circuits
1 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

Adders and Data
Transmitters

Chapter Goals
Compare and contrast a half adder

and a full adder
Describe how a multiplexer works

Logic Circuits
What are the Combinational Logic Circuits?
Combinational digital logic circuits are basically

made up of digital logic gates like AND gate,
OR gate, NOT gate and universal gates (NAND
gate and NOR gate).
All these gates are combined together to form a

complicated switching circuit. The logic gates
are building blocks of combinational logic
circuits.
Combinational circuits …..
In a combinational logic circuit, the output at
any instant of time depends only on present
input at that particular instant of time and
combinational circuits do not have any
memory devices
Digital logic circuits are often known as
switching circuits, because in digital circuits
the voltage levels are assumed to be switched
from one value to another value
instantaneously. These circuits are termed as
logic circuits, as their operation obeys a
definite set of logic rules.
Combinational Circuits ….
The logic level at the output depends on the
combination of logic levels present at the inputs.
A combinational circuit has no memory, so its

output depends only on the current value of its
inputs.
Combinational circuits provide a higher level of

abstraction
Help in reducing design complexity
Reduce chip count
Gates are combined into circuits by using the
output of one gate as the input for another.
This same circuit

using a Boolean
expression is
AB + AC

Types of Combinational Logic Circuits
Arithmetic and Logical Functions
e.g: Adders
Data Transmission
e.g: Multiplexers
Code Converts
e.g: 7 segment
Adders
At the digital logic level, addition is

performed in binary
Addition operations are carried out
by special circuits called, appropriately,
adders

Adder circuit is a combinational digital circuit
that is used for adding two numbers. A typical
adder circuit produces a sum bit (denoted by S)
and a carry bit (denoted by C) as the output.
 Typically adders are realized for adding binary
numbers but they can be also realized for adding
other formats like BCD (binary coded decimal,
XS-3 etc.
Besides addition, adder circuits can be used for
a lot of other applications in digital electronics
like address decoding, table index calculation
etc. Adder circuits are of two types:
Types Of Adders
In this set of slides, we present the two basic

types of adders:
1. Half adders, and

2. Full adders.

Half Adder
Half adder is a combinational arithmetic circuit
that adds two numbers and produces a sum bit
(S) and carry bit (C) as the output.
If A and B are the input bits, then sum bit (S) is
the X-OR of A and B and the carry bit (C) will
be the AND of A and B. From this it is clear that
a half adder circuit can be easily constructed
using one X-OR gate and one AND gate.

Half Adder Cont…
Half adder is the simplest of all adder circuit, but

it has a major disadvantage.
The half adder can add only two input bits (A and
B) and has nothing to do with the carry if there is
any in the input. So if the input to a half adder
have a carry, then it will be neglected it and adds
only the A and B bits. That means the binary
addition process is not complete and that’s why it
is called a half adder.
Half Adder Cont…
The truth table, schematic representation and
XOR//AND realization of a half adder are shown
in the figure below.

Circuit Diagram and Boolean expression for
Half adder
Circuit diagram
representing
a half adder
Boolean expressions
sum = A  B
carry = AB

Full Adder
This adder is difficult to implement than a half-
adder. The difference between a half-adder and a
full-adder is that the full-adder has three inputs
and two outputs, whereas half adder has only
two inputs and two outputs.
The first two inputs are A and B and the third

input is an input carry as C-IN. When a full-
adder logic is designed, you string eight of them
together to create a byte-wide adder and cascade
the carry bit from one adder to the next.
Full adder
A circuit that takes the carry-in value into account

Multiplexers
Multiplexer (or MUX)
A circuit that uses a few input control signals to
determine which of several input data signals is
routed to its output signal
A multiplexer is a circuit that accept many input

but give only one output. A demultiplexer function
exactly in the reverse of a multiplexer, that is a
demultiplexer accepts only one input and gives
many
18 (C)
outputs.
2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari
Multiplexers cont…
Generally multiplexer and demultiplexer are
used together, because of the communication
systems are bi directional.
Multiplexer means many into one. A

multiplexer is a circuit used to select and route
any one of the several input signals to a signal
output.
An simple example of an non electronic circuit

of a(C) multiplexer
19 2017 Amoud University, Lec: is a single pole multiposition
M.M.Allabari
Multiposition switches are widely used in many
electronics circuits.
However circuits that operate at high speed

require the multiplexer to be automatically
selected. A mechanical switch cannot perform
this task satisfactorily.
Therefore, multiplexer used to perform high

speed switching are constructed of electronic
components.
Multiplexer handle two type of data that is
analog and digital.
For analog application, multiplexer are built of

relays and transistor switches.
For digital application, they are built from

standard logic gates.

The multiplexer used for digital applications,
also called digital multiplexer, is a circuit with
many input but only one output.
By applying control signals, we can steer any

input to the output.
Few types of multiplexer are 2-to-1, 4-to-1, 8-to-

1, 16-to-1 multiplexer.

Following figure shows the general idea of a
multiplexer with n input signal, m control signals
and one output signal.

Multiplexers
The control lines S0, S1, and S2 determine
which of eight other input lines (D0 … D7) are
routed to the output (F)

4-to-1 Multiplexer
The 4-to-1 multiplexer has 4 input bit, 2 control

bits, and 1 output bit. The four input bits are
D0,D1,D2 and D3. only one of this is
transmitted to the output y.
The output depends on the value of AB which is

the control input. The control input determines
which of the input data bit is transmitted to the
output.
How Multiplexers work
For instance, as shown in fig. when AB = 00,
the upper AND gate is enabled while all other
AND gates are disabled. Therefore, data bit D0
is transmitted to the output, giving Y = Do.
Observe the next 4 to 1 Multiplexer Circuit

Diagram

4 to 1 Multiplexer Circuit Diagram

4-to-1 Multiplexer cont…
If the control input is changed to AB =11, all
gates are disabled except the bottom AND gate.
In this case, D3 is transmitted to the output and
Y = D3.
• An example of 4-to-1 multiplexer is IC 74153

in which the output is same as the input.
• Another example of 4-to-1 multiplexer is
45352 in which the output is the compliment of
the input.
•
28
Example of 16-to-1 line multiplexer is
(C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari
Demultiplexer
Demultiplexer means one to many. A

demultiplexer is a circuit with one input and
many output. By applying control signal, we can
steer any input to the output. Few types of
demultiplexer are 1-to 2, 1-to-4, 1-to-8 and 1-to
16 demultiplexer.
Following figure illustrate the general idea of a

demultiplexer with 1 input signal, m control
signals,
29 (C) 2017
and
Amoud
n output
University, Lec:
signals.
M.M.Allabari
Demultiplexer Pin Diagram

1- to-4 Demultiplexer:
The 1-to-4 demultiplexer has 1 input bit, 2

control bit, and 4 output bits.
An example of 1-to-4 demultiplexer is IC

74155. The 1-to-4 demultiplexer is shown in
figure below

1 to 4 Dempultiplexer Circuit Diagram

Cont…
The input bit is labelled as Data D. This data bit is
transmitted to the data bit of the output lines. This
depends on the value of AB, the control input.
When AB = 01, the upper second AND gate is

enabled while other AND gates are disabled.
Therefore, only data bit D is transmitted to the
output, giving Y1 = Data.
If D is low, Y1 is low. IF D is high,Y1 is high.
The value of Y1 depends upon the value of D. All
other outputs are in low state.
Applications of Demultiplexer
1. Demultiplexer is used to connect a single
source to multiple destinations. The main
application area of demultiplexer is
communication system where multiplexer are
used.
Most of the communication system are

bidirectional i.e. they function in both ways
(transmitting and receiving signals).
2. cont.. – Communication
Communication System
system use multiplexer to carry multiple data
like audio, video and other form of data
using a single line for transmission, This
process make the transmission easier.
The demultiplexer receive the output signals of

the multiplexer and converts them back to the
original form of the data at the receiving end.

3.
cont..
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) –
In an ALU circuit, the output of ALU can be
stored in multiple registers or storage units
with the help of demultiplexer.
The output of ALU is fed as the data input to

the demultiplexer. Each output of
demultiplexer is connected to multiple register
which can be stored in the registers.
4.
cont..
Serial to parallel converter – A serial to
parallel converter is used for
reconstructing parallel data from incoming
serial data stream.
In this technique, serial data from the

incoming serial data stream is given as data
input to the demultiplexer at the regular
37
intervals.
(C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari
END

Chapter 5 Combinational Circuits (Adders and Data Transmitters)

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Chapter 5

Combinational Logic Circuits

1 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

2 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

Compare and contrast a half adder

3 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

Combinational digital logic circuits are basically

All these gates are combined together to form a

A combinational circuit has no memory, so its

Combinational circuits provide a higher level of

This same circuit

7 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

At the digital logic level, addition is

9 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

In this set of slides, we present the two basic

1. Half adders, and

11 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

12 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

Half adder is the simplest of all adder circuit, but

14 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

15 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

The first two inputs are A and B and the third

17 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

A multiplexer is a circuit that accept many input

Multiplexer means many into one. A

An simple example of an non electronic circuit

However circuits that operate at high speed

Therefore, multiplexer used to perform high

For analog application, multiplexer are built of

For digital application, they are built from

21 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

By applying control signals, we can steer any

Few types of multiplexer are 2-to-1, 4-to-1, 8-to-

22 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

23 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

24 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

The 4-to-1 multiplexer has 4 input bit, 2 control

The output depends on the value of AB which is

Observe the next 4 to 1 Multiplexer Circuit

26 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

27 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

• An example of 4-to-1 multiplexer is IC 74153

Demultiplexer means one to many. A

Following figure illustrate the general idea of a

30 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

The 1-to-4 demultiplexer has 1 input bit, 2

An example of 1-to-4 demultiplexer is IC

31 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

32 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

When AB = 01, the upper second AND gate is

Most of the communication system are

The demultiplexer receive the output signals of

35 (C) 2017 Amoud University, Lec: M.M.Allabari

The output of ALU is fed as the data input to

In this technique, serial data from the

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