Experiment Name: Implementation of half-adder

Objectives
Designing a half adder involves creating a circuit that accurately adds two single-bit
binary numbers, producing the correct sum and carry outputs for all input
combinations. Optimization is essential, aiming for minimal gate usage and
compatibility with other circuits. Attention to logical correctness, low propagation
delay, and thorough documentation ensures the half-adder functions efficiently within
broader digital systems.

Materials
❖ Breadboard
❖ Logic gates (AND, XOR, OR)
❖ Connecting wires and jumper cables
❖ Power supply
❖ Switches
❖ LEDs

Procedure
1. A half adder circuit consists of two input terminals namely A and B.
2. Both of these add two input digits (one-bit numbers) and generate the output in
the form of a carry and a sum.
3. Thus, there are two output terminals. The output that one obtains from the EX-
OR gate is the sum of both the one-bit numbers.

Figure 1: Half adder Block diagram.

Figure 2: Half adder Circuit diagram.

Truth table

Snapshot of the circuit

Figure 3: Connected with the circuit.

Conclusion
In summary, test the half adder for input combinations, check outputs against the truth
table, and assess timing, robustness, and power supply variation using tools like logic
probes. Consistent results indicate a reliable half-adder for binary addition in digital
systems.
 Experiment Name: Implementation of Full-adder
Objectives
Testing a full adder involves validating input combinations, verifying outputs against the
truth table (Sum and Carry), assessing timing, testing robustness to noise, evaluating
performance under various power supply conditions, and confirming proper response
to simultaneous input changes. Comprehensive documentation of results ensures
effective analysis and reference for future use.

Materials
❖ Breadboard
❖ Logic gates (AND, XOR)
❖ Connecting wires and jumper cables
❖ Power supply
❖ Switches
❖ LEDs

Procedure
1. Implement full adder using half adder. A full adder is an adder that adds three
inputs and produces two outputs.
2. The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry as C-IN.
3. The output carry is designated as C-OUT and the normal output is designated as
S which is SUM.

Figure 4: Full adder Block diagram.

 Figure 5: Full adder Circuit diagram.

Truth table

Snapshot of the circuit

Figure 6: Connected with the circuit.

Conclusion
A full adder is a combinational circuit that forms the arithmetic sum of input; it consists
of three inputs and two outputs. A full adder is useful to add three bits at a time but a
half adder cannot do so.
 Experiment Name: Implementation of Half Subtractor
Objectives
A half subtractor is a fundamental binary arithmetic circuit with the primary objective
of computing the difference (D) and borrowing (B) between two binary digits, typically
denoted as A and B. The circuit outputs these results in two bits: the calculated
difference (D) and the borrow (B) bit. Its succinct functionality is captured by a truth
table, detailing the output states based on various combinations of input values.

Materials
❖ Breadboard
❖ Logic gates (AND, XOR, NOT)
❖ Connecting wires and jumper cables
❖ Power supply
❖ Switches
❖ LEDs

Figure 7: Half subtractor Block diagram.

The SOP form of the Diff and Borrow is as follows

Diff= A'B+AB'
Borrow = A'B

Figure 8: Half subtractor circuit diagram.

Truth table

Procedure
1. ‘A’ and ‘B’ are the input variables whose values are going to be subtracted.
2. The ‘Diff’ and ‘Borrow’ are the variables whose values define the subtraction
result, i.e., difference and borrow.
3. The first two rows and the last row, the difference is 1, but the ‘Borrow’ variable
is 0.
4. The third row is different from the remaining one. When we subtract the bit 1
from the bit 0, the borrow bit is produced.

Snapshot of the circuit

Figure 9: Connected with the circuit.

Conclusion
The half subtractor circuit is a key component of digital circuits that illustrates bit
manipulation operations on binary numbers.
 Experiment Name: Implementation of Full Subtractor
Objectives
The objectives of a full subtractor circuit include accurately performing binary
subtraction, generating a correct borrow output, ensuring efficiency in terms of speed
and power consumption, and maintaining reliability across various input conditions for
seamless integration into digital systems.

Materials
❖ Breadboard
❖ Logic gates (AND, XOR, NOT, OR)
❖ Connecting wires and jumper cables
❖ Power supply
❖ Switches
❖ LEDs

Procedure
1. Receive three inputs - minuend (A), subtrahend (B), and borrow in (Bin).
2. Compute the difference (D) between A and B, considering the borrow input (Bin) from
the previous stage.
3. Determine the borrow output (Bout) based on the values of A, B, and Bin.
4. Output the computed difference (D) and the borrow output (Bout).

Figure 10: Full subtractor Block diagram.

Figure 11: Full subtractor circuit diagram.

Truth table

Snapshot of the circuit

Figure 12: Connected with the circuit.

Conclusion
a full-subtractor is a combinational logic circuit that can compute the difference of
three binary digits