RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING
TOPIC : REAL TIME APPLICATION OF PIGEON
TEAM MEMBERS: HOLE PRINCIPLE
MENTOR:
GOKUL.G DR. HEMA. K
GUNA.K
HARIHAR.R
DINESH.M
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: INTRODUCTION
OVER HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
OF YEARS, MATHEMATICIANS
HAD DISCOVERED THE PIGEONHOLE
PRINCIPLE AND APPLIED THIS LAW
INTO REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS.
PIGEONHOLE PRINCIPLE PRESENTS
THE MOST ESSENTIAL AND BASIC
PART IN THE MATHEMATICS OF
COUNTING AND SORTING.
THIS RESEARCH PAPER INTRODUCES
THE TOPIC OF PIGEONHOLE
PRINCIPLE , INCLUDING THEOREMS
BORN FROM THIS BASIS AND
DISCUSSES SEVERAL CASES RELATED
TO THE PRINCIPLE. 
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FIRST PIGEONHOLE PRINCIPLE

IF N ITEMS ARE PUT INTO M PIGEONHOLES WITH N > M (M, N

∈ N  ∗), THEN AT LEAST ONE PIGEONHOLE MUST CONTAIN
MORE THAN ONE ITEM.
PROOF:
Assume all the pigeonholes contains at most one item, then the
maximum number of the total items that the n
Pigeonholes can contain is n, which is less than m
.By contradiction, there must be at least one pigeonhole contains more
than one item . proved
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SECOND PIGEONHOLE PRINCIPLE

If (mn −1) items ate put into n pigeonholes where m, n ∈ N ∗, then there
will be at least one pigeonhole must contain less than m item(s).
PROOF:
Assume all the pigeonhole contains greater than or equal to m
item(s),then the minimum number of the total items that the N
pigeonholes can contain is m × n, which is greater than (mn −1).By
contradiction, there must be at least one pigeonhole contains less than m
item(s).Proved.
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Average Value Principle

EXTENSION Ramsey Theorem and its Proof

OF
Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion
THE THEORY
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AVERAGE VALUE PRINCIPLE
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RAMSEY THEOREM AND ITS PROOF
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PRINCIPLE OF INCLUSION AND
EXCLUSION
 APPLICATIONS OF
PIGEONHOLE PRINCIPLE
 IN DAILY LIFE, THE PIGEONHOLE
PRINCIPLE IS A USEFUL METHOD TO HELP
PEOPLE SOLVE SOME REALISTIC
PROBLEMS, SUCH AS THESE CASES.

CASE 1:
Jason is blind and he lives
alone. There are 5 different pairs
of socks with 5 colors respectively
in his closet in total. It would
be easy for him to distinguish them
if the socks presenting in front of
him are in pairs. In order to save
time , what’s the maximum number
of socks taken by him will ensure
there are a pair of socks?
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SOLUTION:
AS A BLIND MAN, JASON FIND IT
IS ALWAYS HARD TO FIND OUT THE
SUITABLE PAIR OF SOCKS WITH
SAME COLOR FROM THE CLOSET. IF
THERE ARE 5 DIFFERENT PAIRS OF
SOCKS IN HIS CLOSET IN TOTAL AND
HE CAN FEEL AND DETERMINE
WHETHER TWO SOCKS
IN HIS HAND ARE A PAIR OR NOT. BY
THE PIGEONHOLE PRINCIPLE,
TREATING THE SOCKS AS THE
PIGEONS, ONLY IF 6 SOCKS BEING
TAKEN OUT WOULD ENSURE THERE
IS AT LEAST A PAIR

CASE 2:
In an experiment, the scientists
want to find two people with the
ABO blood grouping matching
same. In order to save time, the
blood samples will be collected
and processed
simultaneously. What’s the
smallest number of samples
should be collected?
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SOLUTION:
IT IS KNOWN THAT
THERE ARE 4 TYPES OF
BLOOD IN ABO BLOOD
GROUPING SYSTEM,
NAMELY A,B, AB AND O.
IF WE TREAT THEM AS 4
PIGEONHOLES, AND
CONSIDER THE PATIENTS
AS PIGEONS(TO BE PUT
INTO
THE HOLES). TO ENSURE
THERE ARE AT LEAST
TWO PIGEONS IN A HOLE,
THE SCIENTISTS SHOULD
PICK UP AT LEAST 5
SAMPLES.
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CASE 3: SOLUTION:
Pitter is the boss of a lotto games
SINCE EVERY DIGIT OF THE
company, the lottery is a number which NUMBER VARIES FROM 0
contains 5 digits. Every month, the TO 9, THERE ARE 10^5
machine picks up 1 number randomly NUMBERS IN TOTAL. AS
and the owner of the lottery ticket with A RESULT OF IT,
the same number will win one million ACCORDING TO
THE PIGEONHOLE
dollars. Inorder to demonstrate the PRINCIPLE, THE NUMBER
justice of the lottery, there must be at OF CUSTOMERS SHOULD
least one winner every month . Based BE AT LEAST 10^5 + 1 =
on the former condition, calculate the 10001.
minimum number of customers should
this ticket be sold to
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IMPORTANCE OF PIGEON HOLE PRINCIPLE

 THE PIGEONHOLE PRINCIPLE STATES

THAT IF MORE THAN N PIGEONS ARE
PLACED INTO N PIGEONHOLES, SOME
PIGEONHOLE MUST CONTAIN MORE
THAN ONE PIGEON.
 WHILE THE PRINCIPLE IS EVIDENT, ITS
IMPLICATIONS ARE ASTOUNDING. THE
REASON IS THAT THE
PRINCIPLE PROVES THE EXISTENCE
(OR IMPOSSIBILITY) OF A
PARTICULAR PHENOMENON
 CONCLUSION
 Pigeonhole principle is a venerable and widely-used principle. 
 By proving and developing the pigeonhole principle,
mathematicians derived more powerful and helpful theories from
it, like a. V. P , Ramsey theory and principle of inclusion and
exclusion so that we can solve problems which seems quiet
complex
 .We only touched the shallow surface of the principle and related
theorems in the view of mathematics and applied applications. 
 There are still many things , even seems to be simply but with
hidden truths and mysteries, remaining to be discovered and
uncovered.
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