REVISION

CHAPTER 1
Important to study the properties of building materials:

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Important to study the properties of building materials:

It is important to study the various construction materials in built environment

because shelter is the basic need of civilised society. Stones, bricks, timber and lime
concrete are the traditional materials used for the construction of houses and other
buildings. The invention of cement and concrete has prodivided durable buildings.
Reinforced concrete which is composite construction of steel and concrete has
helped in building large structurer. Steel, aluminium, glass, plastics, glazed tiles,
plaster of paris, linoleum, paints and varnishes have improved the quality of
buildings. Improved versions of many building materials keep on appearing in the
market regularly.
Important to study the properties of building materials:

Civil engineers have to look into the problems of rural areas and urban poor people
also. There are 23 million Indians without home. Low cost housing is the need of the
day to make poor people afford their own houses.
Factors Influencing The Choice
of Building Materials
1. Economic Aspect
2. Building usage
3. Aesthetical value
4. Climatic background
Physical Properties
1. Density
2. Water Absorption
3. Weathering resistance
4. Porosity
5. Fire resistance
6. Durability
7. Water permeability
Physical Properties
1. Density

- Mass of a unit volume of material substance

M
 ( g / mm3 )
V
Where;
M = Mass (g)
V = Volume (mm3)
Physical Properties
2. Durability

Ability to resist the combines effects of

atmospheric and other factors.

3. Fire Resistance
Ability of a material to resist the action of high
temperature with out any appreciable
deformation and substantial loss of strength.
Physical Properties
4. Water Permeability

• Capacity to allow water to penetrate under

pressure.
• Materials like glass, steel and bitumen are
impervious (tidak tahan).
Physical Properties
5. Weathering Resistance

• Ability to endure alternate wet and dry

conditions for a long period without
considerable deformation and loss of
mechanical strength.
Physical Properties
6. Water Absorption

-The ability of the material to absorb and retain

water.
- It is expressed as percentage in weight or of the
volume of dry material.
- Mass of saturated material (g)
M = mass of material (g)
V = volume of material including the pores (mm3)
M1- M M1  M
WM = ´100 WV   100
M V
Physical Properties
6. Porosity

• The degree to which volume of the material in

interspersed with pores.
• Dense materials, which have low porosity are
used for constructions requiring high
mechanical strength.
 Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties
1. Strength

2. Plasticity

3. Hardness

4. Elasticity
 Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties

1. Strength

- Ability of the material to resist failure under the action of stresses

caused by loads.
- Materials such as stones and concrete have high compressive
strength but a low tensile, bending and impact strengths
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties
 Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties

2. Hardness

- Ability of a material to resist penetration by a harder body

- Mohs scale is used to find the hardness of materials
 Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties

3. Elasticity

Ability of the material to restore is initial form and dimensions

after the load is removed.

4. Plasticity
Ability of material to change its shape under load without cracking
and to retain this shape after the load is removed.
CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR UNDER
STRESS

1. Flexible
2. ductile
3. Brittle
4. Hard
5. Stiff
 CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR UNDER
STRESS

1. Ductile
- Ability of material to have its shape changed (can sustain
plastic deformation) without losing strength or breaking
Example: Copper and Wrought iron
 CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR UNDER
STRESS

2. Brittle
- Materials have little or no plasticity.
- They fail suddenly without warning.
- Cast iron, stone, brick and concrete are comparatively brittle
materials have in a considerable amount of plasticity.
 CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR UNDER
STRESS

3. Stiff
- Materials have a high modulus of elasticity permitting small
deformation for a given load
 CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR UNDER
STRESS

4. Flexible
- Materials on the other hand have low modulus of elasticity
and bend considerably without breakdown.
- Tough materials withstand heavy shocks.
- Toughness depends upon strength and flexibility.
 CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR UNDER
STRESS

5. Hard
- Materials resist scratching and denting
THE END