Welcome To

Presentation Class

EA-2207- Instructional Technology

 GROUP INTRODUCE

Submitted To, Submitted By,

Nazmun Nahar Chaitee Sumaiya Sultana MUH1929048F

Lecturer Md. Nayeem Akon ASH1929041M
ept. of Educational Administration Abu Sufian ASH1929002M
Sultana Akter Nipun MUH1929011F
khali Science and Technology University
Zobaer Hossain ASH1929022M
Md. Israil Hossain ASH1929033M

Unit 2: Learning Theories

GROUP- 02 and Instructional Design
Models
 Welcome To
Presentation Class

EA-2207- Instructional Technology

 INTRODUCE

Submitted To, Submitted By,

Nazmun Nahar Chaitee Md. Nayeem Akon

Lecturer Roll- ASH1929041M
ept. of Educational Administration Dept. of Educational Administration
khali Science and Technology University
Noakhali Science and Technology University
Year & Semester: 02 & 02
 TOPICS OF
PRESENTATION
Unit 2: Learning Theories and Instructional Design Models (B)

Methods of Instruction in
Educational Setting

Lecture & Demonstration

Methods
 INTRODUCTION
There is no one perfect method for teaching all learners in all settings. Also,
no one method is necessarily more effective for changing behavior in any of
the three learning domains. Instructional methods are kinds of instructional
ways or activities used to guide the facilitation of learning in each phase of
the instructional process. There are hundreds of variations. Examples are
lectures, case studies, journals, blogs, story telling, peer feedback, quizzes,
performances, brainstorming, video taping and review, etc

The traditional instructional methods are not especially flexible, nor do they
provide students with many options for accessing content.
 What are the Methods of
Instruction in Educational Setting
Instructional strategies, or teaching methods, depend on a number of factors
such as the developmental level of students, goals, intent and objectives of the
teacher, content, and environment including time, physical setting and
resources.

Instructional theory is different than learning theory. A learning theory describes

how learning takes place, and an instructional theory prescribes how to better
help people learn. Learning theories often inform instructional theory, and three
general theoretical stances take part in this influence: behaviorism cognitivist,
and constructivism. Instructional theory helps us create conditions that
increases the probability of learning. Its goal is understanding the instructional
system and to improve the process of instruction.
 Goals and Objectives of Instructional
Method in Educational Setting

Students can acquire knowledge with real

knowledge.
To increase students' interest in learning.
So that students can easily know the unknown.
So that students can be involved or familiar with all
new teaching-learning methods.
With all learning methods so that they can adapt.
 Types Of Instructional Method in
Education Setting
1. Lecture
2. Demonstration
3. Group Discussion
4. One-to-One Instruction
5. Gaming
6. Simulation
7. Role Playing
8. Self-Instruction
Lecture Method in Education
Setting
Lecture method of teaching is the oldest teaching
method applied in educational institution. This
teaching method is one way channel of
communication of information. Students’
involvement in this teaching method is just to
listen and sometimes pen down some notes if
necessary during the lecture, combine the
information and organized it.
Lecture Method in Education
Setting
 Advantages of Lecture Method

 In this teaching method a large amount the

topics can be covered in a single class
period.
 Using of this method exclude the using of
any equipment or Lab.
 Learning material is not required.
 Student listening skills developed.
 Help to learn languages
 Disadvantages of Lecture Method

Learning is not a simple process. The pouring process is educationally not perfect or
recommended for secondary level students. At this level it is difficult for student to pick
new concepts using lecture method of teaching. They actually are meaningful, active
and interesting experiences or activity in the class.
 Psychologically this method is acceptable because individuals are not
alike. Teacher delivers the same lecture to both students without
recognizing the individual differences.
 Language using in the lecture is above the standard of the students.
They are not able get full advantage of the lecture.
 Lecture are often forgotten by the students soon after while learning is
retained if activities are experienced.
 Attention level is not the same while student listening the lecture.
 Demonstration Method in
Education Setting
A demonstration method of teaching can be formulated just like this-
Demonstration = words (audio or video) + performance (visual information)
It is based on demonstrating skills, principles, and theory via
performance, movie, slide presentation, live display etc. Such
technique is often used by teachers in training and technical
educational systems. It works perfectly well at universities, colleges,
and institutions that study crafts, biology, nature and different
sciences. The method uses technique or equipment to make a
‘demonstration.’ It should be planned ahead of time in order to make a
better explanation of the technical or training steps to students and
help them repeat the activity
Demonstration Method in
Education Setting
Advantages of Demonstration Method

 It helps in involving various sense to make learning

permanent
 It develops interest in the learners and motivates
them for their active participation
 It helps in achieving psychomotor objectives
 Any simple or complex sill becomes easy to
understand
 Disadvantages of Demonstration
Method
 It can be used only for skills subjects
 Demonstration may require a large amount of preliminary
preparation.
 Due to poor economic conditions of the government schools,
there is scarcity of audio-visual aids and equipment and the
teachers are not so creative to produce handmade models for
demonstration
 There is a danger of students being dishonest when teacher has
to play the main role in the demonstration of topic.
 Role of Instructional Methods
in Educational Physiology
Educational psychology involves the study of how people learn, including
topics such as student outcomes, the instructional process, individual
differences in learning, gifted learners, and learning disabilities. This branch
of psychology involves not just the learning process of early childhood and
adolescence but includes the social, emotional, and cognitive processes that
are involved in learning throughout the entire lifespan.

The field of educational psychology incorporates a number of other

disciplines, including developmental psychology, behavioral psychology, and
cognitive psychology.
 Importance of
Instructional Methods in
Education
 Importance of Instructional
Methods in Education
Quality education is an important strategy in our nation's education. Teachers,
especially college and university teachers, are the main force of quality
education. Thus, college and university teachers have to alter their teaching
notion and teaching methods, establish new teaching ideology, play their own
role and fulfil their own task. Through powerful teaching reform, we should
focus on educating and improve teaching quality and effect. Teaching is a
method while educating is an aim.
 Multiple Choice Question
(MCQ)
1. Which is not the focal point of
triangular process of teaching
(a) Teaching method
(b) Teacher
(c) Pupil
(d) contents
Answer is = a
2. The goal of teaching is----
(a) to give information
(b) To involve pupils in activities
(c) To impart knowledge
(d) Desirable change in behavior
Answer is = d
3. Students are passive in
(a) Project method
(b) Discovery method
(c)Lecture method
(d) Inquiry method
Answer is = c
4. Which is not true about projects
(a) It is a purposeful activity
(b) It is proceeded in social
environment
(c)It is accomplished in real life
(d) It is teacher centered activity
Answer is = d
 Multiple Choice Question
(MCQ)
5. Educational objectives have been 6. Knowing/ memorizing and
divide into recalling is concerned with
(a) Two domains (a) Comprehension
(b) Three domains (b) Application
(c) Four domains (c) Knowledge
(d) Five domains (d) Evaluation
Answer is = b Answer is = c
7. Symposium is a type of
8. Which is not the objective of
(a) Discovery method
Drama/ role play
(b) Discussion method
(a) Recreation and enjoyment
(c)Lecture method
(b) Development of social skills
(d) Demonstration method
(c)Development of skills of
Answer is = b
conversation
9. Drama or role play is useful for teaching (d) Do make rehearsals
(a) History Answer is = d
(b) Science
(c)Malts
(d) Language
Answer is = a
 WELCOME TO MY PRESENTATION

Zobaer Hossain
[Roll :- ASH1929022M]

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 Presentation About… Learning & Instructional 23

Design ;
 Learning Design
A Learning Design describes the educational process, not just
courseware but the whole teaching/learning experience. It's a more or
less formal description of a pedagogical scenario (also called
educational script or storyboard) and that may or may not follow an
instructional design model. Basically a learning design describes
learning objectives, who does what (and (when) using tools and
resources, and outcomes

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The process of learning design refers to the activity of designing units
of learning, learning activities or learning environments in that spirit.
Learning design, in that sense, is a way of doing instructional design.

Learning Designs are “pedagogically informed learning activities which

make effective use of appropriate tools and resources”.
-->(Gráinne Conole and Karen Fill, creators of the DialogPlus Toolkit). 24
Key elements of Learning Design :
According to Laurillard (2013). The properties required for an operational learning design are :

*Learning outcome, sequence of activities, and assessment. These

must be aligned for effective pedagogy.
*The sequence of TLAs. These must be classifiable according to
their different pedagogical and logistical properties, defined in the
knowledge base of The Learning Designer (and editable by the
user).

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*The time for each TLA. This makes it possible to estimate the
proportions of different kinds of learning experience afforded by
the sequence, and hence, provide an overall evaluation of its
pedagogic value.

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• The tools and resources required by the learners. These alert the
user to the type of topic‐specific content they will need to provide
for their specific instantiation of the learning design.
• The designer's reflection. This provides an opportunity for the user
who is sharing the learning design to pass on any additional
reflection to potential reusers.

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• Benefits of the learning design approach :
• The OU Learning Design Initiative (retrieved jan 26, 2009) identified six main benefits to
adopting a learning design approach:-
• It acts as a means of eliciting designs from academics in a format
that can be tested and reviewed by others involved in the design
process.
• It provides a method by which designs can be reused, as opposed to
just sharing content.
• It can guide individuals through the process of creating new learning

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activities.

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• It helps create an audit trail of academic (and production) design
decisions.
• It can highlight policy implications for staff development, resource
allocation, quality, etc.
• It has the potential to aids learners and tutors in complex activities
by guiding them through the activity sequence.

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 Instructional Design :
• Instructional Design is the systematic development of instructional
specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the
quality of instruction. It is the entire process of analysis of learning
needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet
those needs. It includes development of instructional materials and
activities; and tryout and evaluation of all instruction and learner

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activities."

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The Theory or Concept of Instructional Design :

• Reigeluth (1999) used the term 'instructional-design theory',

which is defined as a theory that "offers explicit guidance on
how to between help people learn and develop. The kinds of
learning and development may include cognitive, emotional,
social, physical and spiritual."

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Purpose of Instructional Design :

• Instructional design is cost effective, given that it ensures

students learn efficiently by creating high quality learning
materials that take into account the strengths and weaknesses
of students. These materials are also focused and customized
to address the specific needs of educators.

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 Models of Instructional Design :
• Below are four instructional design models that maybe we
have seen before :-
• The ADDIE Model. ADDIE stands for Analyze, Design, Develop,
Implement, and Evaluate. ...
• Bloom's Taxonomy (Revised) ...
• Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction. ...

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• Merrill's Principles of Instruction.

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Presentation Topic:
Motivation Theories
Name: Sultana Akter( Nipun)
Roll:MUH192229011F
Course Name: Communication and Instructional
Technology.
Course Code 2207
Motivation

 Motivation is a driving factor for actions, willingness, and goals.

Motivation is derived from the word motive, or a need that requires
satisfaction. These needs, wants or desires may be acquired through
influence of culture, society, lifestyle, or may be generally innate.
Motivation is the word derived from the word 'motive' which means
needs, desires, wants or drives within the individuals. It is the process
of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals. In the work
goal context the psychological factors stimulating the people's
behaviour can be - desire for money.
Motivation theories

 Motivation is defined as the reasons why you are doing something, or the
level of desire you have to do something.
 Maslow – hierarchy of needs.
 McClelland – Need for achievement, affiliation and power.
 Herzberg – Two factor theory.
 McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
 Vroom's expectancy theory.
 1.Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

 Abraham Maslow postulated that a person will be motivated when his needs are fulfilled. The need starts from the
lowest level basic needs and keeps moving up as a lower level need is fulfilled. Below is the hierarchy of needs:

 Physiological:  Physical survival necessities such as food, water, and shelter.

 Safety:  Protection from threats, deprivation, and other dangers.
 Social (belongingness and love):  
 The need for association, affiliation, friendship, and so on.
 Self-esteem:  The need for respect and
recognition.
 Self-actualization:  The opportunity for personal
development, learning, and
fun/creative/challenging work.  Self-actualization
is the highest level need  to which a human being
can aspire.
2.Hertzberg’s two factor theory
Hertzberg classified the needs into two broad categories
namely :
1.hygiene factors and
2.motivating factors.
Hygiene factors are needed to make sure that an employee is
not dissatisfied. Motivation factors are needed for ensuring
employee's satisfaction and employee’s motivation for higher
performance. Mere presence of hygiene factors does not
guarantee  motivation, and presence of motivation factors in the
absence of hygiene factors also does not work.
The Four StatsIn a general sense, there are four states an organization or team can find
themselves in when it comes to Two Factor Theory.
1. High Hygiene and High Motivation:
This is the ideal situation and the one which every manager should strive for. Here, all
employees are motivated and have very few grievances.
2. High Hygiene and Low Motivation:
In this situation, employees have few grievances but they are not highly motivated. An
example of this situation is where pay and working conditions are competitive but the work
isn’t very interesting. Employees are simply there to collect their salary.
3. Low Hygiene and High Motivation: this situation, employees are highly motivated but
they have a lot of grievances. A typical example of this situation is where the work is
exciting and really interesting but the pay and conditions are behind competitors in the
same industry.
4. Low Hygiene and Low Motivation:
This is obviously a bad situation for an organization or team to find itself in. Here,
employees aren’t motivated and the hygiene factors are not up to scratch.
5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y

 Douglas McGregor formulated two distinct views of human being based on

participation of workers. The first is basically negative, labelled as Theory X,
and the other is basically positive, labelled as Theory Y. Both kinds of people
exist. Based on their nature they need to be managed accordingly.
 Theory X:  The traditional view of the work force holds that workers are
inherently lazy, self-centered, and lacking ambition.  Therefore, an appropriate
management style is strong, top-down control.
 Theory Y:  This view postulates that workers are inherently motivated and
eager to accept responsibility.  An appropriate management style is to focus on
creating a productive work environment coupled with positive rewards and
reinforcement.
Conclusion
Motivation is the state of mind which pushes all human being to perform things with the
highest spirit and with positivity. The leader will have to ensure that every individual in the
team and the organization is motivated. The various motivation theories helps in
understanding what will motivate people.
MCQ

1.Which is the Highst need of our life according to Maslow? a.Basic need
b. safety need.c.Self steem.d.Self Actualization.
2.Who is the writer of this book ‘Motivation and Personality ?
a.Maslow.b.Vroom c. jonh lock d.Herzberg.
3.The word ‘motivation’ is derive from--- a.move b. motive c. to move d.
moving.
4.Who is the founder of ‘need hierarchy theories? a.Maslow.b.Herzbergc.
jonh lock d.vroom.
5.Who is the founder of ‘Two Factor theory’?a.Maslow b. McGregor
c.Herzberg d.Vroom.
Welcome to my
Presentation
Introduction :
Md.Israil Hossain
Roll: ASH1929033M
Topic : Connectivism
 What is Connectivism?
• The idea that knowledge exists everywhere and is
accessed and organized by the learners .
• Learning is the process of creating connections
and developing a network.
• Part of learning is considering the value of information,
and determining if it is useful.
 History of Connectivism
• George Siemens(2004/2005),along with Stephen Downes argued that the
current learning theories were limiting, and suggested that a new theory
was needed.
• The amount of knowledge in the world is increasing at an extraordinary
rate, and the ability to discern important from unimportant is increasingly
a modern skill worth developing.
 Evolution of Connectivism
• Technology has became quite prevalent in education, and it was necessary
to altar the theories to be more up to date.
• A nnew theory was crucial to keep up with the changing technology and
the diverse needs of the net generation.
 Connectivism
• Technology is an integral part of learning ,and its use can be limited
though the lenses of older theories.
• Networked learning allows experiences to be share and learning to be
more effective.
• Information is all connected ,and the extreme amount can lead to chaos.
• Connectivism attempts to integrate the realities of our modern connected
world into that redefines learning.
 Principles of Connectivism
• Learning and knowledge rests in diversity of options.
• Learning is a process of connecting information from specialists.
• Learning may reside in non human appliances.
• Capacity to know more is more critical than what is currently known.
• Connections are needed to facilitate continual learning
• Decision-making itself is a learning process.
 Impact on Education
1. Positive
• Information are readily available.
• Building a network of new collections.
• Students are the main focus of the learning
process.
 Impact on Education
2. Negative
• Retention of information is no longer important.
• Connections lose their values over time.
• Many ambiguous information available.
Submitted by:
Abu sufian
Roll: ASH1929002M
Educational Administration
 INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN

It is the practice of creating

“instructional experiences
which make the acquisition of
knowledge and skill more
efficient, effective and
appealing.

Source:www.wikipedia.org
What is active learning?
Active learning criteria?
Why active learning?
Active learning techniques?
How technology can help?
 ID MODEL

What is ID Model? ID Model Creator known as

Procedural and conceptual

models.
Based on theory or practice.
Give us structure and meaning
to a problem
Instructional designer
Educational technologist
Curriculum designer
Instructional technologist
 ID MODELS
 Various ID Models:
ADDIE Model
Dick and Carey Model
ASSURE Model
Kemp Design Model
Kirkpatrick Model
Gerlach-Ely Model
TPACK Model
ADDIE MODEL
A

E D

I D
DICK & CAREY MODEL
KEMP DESIGN MODEL

Instructional
problems
ers
Evalua
tion Learn teri
ents ac
Instrum Char
stics
Task
is
l A n a l ys
ctiona
Instru ry
Delive
Ins
Ob truc
jec tio
i ng

Con uenc
tiv nal

Seq
Th sign

Strateg nal

es
ge

ten ing
tio
ies
De

sa
M e

t
Instruc
es
 GERLACH & ELY MODEL

Determination
of Strategy

Specification of Organization of
Content Groups

Assessment Allocation of Evaluation of

of Entering Time Performance
Behaviors
Allocation of
Specification of Space
Objectives
Selection of Analysis of
Resources Feedback
 Question & Answer
1.Who created Gerlach and Ely model?
Answer : Vernon S. Gerlach & Donald P.
Ely
2.Who modified Kemp model?
Answer : Kemp, Morison & Ross
3.What is other name of Kemp model?
Answer : MRK model
4.How much steps of Dick & Carrey
model?
Answer : 10
5.What is other name of Dick & Carrey
model?
Answer : System Approach model.
Name: Sumaiya Sultana
Roll: MUH1929048F

Course Title: Communication and Instructional Strategies 

Presentation Topic: Instructional Design And Learning

Theory Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism
Instructional Design And Learning Theory  Behaviorism , Cognitivism, And Constructivism

What is Instructional Design ?

Instructional design is the creation of learning

experiences and materials in a manner that results
in the acquisition and application of knowledge
and skills. The discipline follows a system of
assessing needs, designing a process, developing
materials and evaluating their effectiveness. In
the context of workplace learning, instructional
design provides a practical and systematic
process for effectively designing effective
curriculum.
Learning Theory
Learning theory describes how students receive, process, and
retain knowledge during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and
environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all
play a part in how understanding, or a world view, is acquired
or changed and knowledge and skills retained.
1.Behaviorism Theory
2.Cognitivism Theory 
3.Constructivism Theory
Behaviorism Theory
In 1913 Jhon Brodus Watson introduced behaviorism in his book namely behaviour. After that Thorndike , Skinner and
Pavlov establish the behaviorism. The basic content of behaviorism is the behaviour of creature. According to them,
learning is the observable change in behaviour. Behaviourists believe that the key element of learning organization are
stimuli, feedback and their combined results. On the other hand it can be said that learning is the inter-relationship
between stimuli and feedback. Feedback can mean any behaviour. Stimulus can mean any conference. 

Stimulus Response Learning

Cognitive theory
Cognitive theory is a theory of learning that reveals an unknown
thing in the depths of the mind of a person and speak about
realization. Here students are seen as information processor. A
modern and contemporary learning theory is cognitive theory. They
key point of this theory is the person forms his idea with process
information obtained from various experience and through this it is
taught. That is ,it told about the application of the thinking power of
the individual for learning. In What ways learning can organize,
which element can influence it is discussed in these theories.
Jean Piaget's theory of Cognitive development:

In 1930 Psychologist Jean Piaget introduced this theory. According to him, the development of a
person's knowledge refers to the process of perception thinking. Remembering, embodiment and consistency.

Importance of Jean Piaget's theory in Education:

1. Problem- Bored learning.

2. Formation of mental activation

3. Active and competitive learning. 

4. Formulation of Curriculum and textbook

5. Systematic Education.
 Constructivism Theory

Constructivism theory is currently the most influential theory. By this theory it can  explain how students will learn and what will
be the nature of knowledge. In 1930 this theory was first introduced by vygotsky.  vygotsky  Duke and jean Piaget is the
mentionable psychologist behind the development prosperity of constructivism theory. Constructivism basically the theory related
to how to learn. According to this theory a person does not directly acquire or receive any knowledge but understand itself through
restructuring. How students build knowledge here depends on their previous experience mental organization and beliefs.
Selections Of Teaching Theory
 Learning theory
According to Instructional Design, strategy for applying Thorndike, Pavlov and skinner theory to
the classroom:

• According to Thorndike, teachers needs to be properly prepared for teaching. Students needed to be taught
through mistake or efforts or repeated practice.
• According to Pavlov, it is easier for students to remember if the teacher uses teaching materials while
speaking.
• According to Skinner, students need to give gifts for any success, otherwise they need to be reinforcement
with minimal appreciation. Students need to be encouraged to succeed if they fail.
Chose the correct answer
1. The key elements of learning organization are stimuli and feedback and their
combined result:- indicates which theory?
a) Learning b) Structuralism
c) Behaviourism d) Cognitive
Ans: a) Learning

2. In constructive theory was first introduced by Vygotsky.

a) 1931 b) 1830
c) 1930 d) 1940
Ans: c) 1930

3. In 1930 who introduced the theory of cognitive Development?

a) Vygotsky b) Jean Piaget
c) Skinner d) Thorndike
Ans: a) Vygotsky

4. According to whose theory of learning ‘Teachers need to be properly prepared

for learning’-?
a) Thorndike b) Jean Piaget
c) Skinner d) Pavlov
Ans: a) Thorndike

5. Which theory is modern and contemporary learning theory?

a) Cognitive Development b) constructive 
c) Behaviourism d) Cognitive
Ans: b) cognitive