Q.1 Why is a model of teaching needed?

What approaches are

used in building model of teaching?
ANSWER
Research has showed that modeling is an effective instructional strategy in that it allows
students to observe the teacher's thought processes. Using this type
of instruction, teachers engage students in imitation of particular behaviors that encourage
learning.

Effective science teaching requires creativity, imagination, and innovation. In light of concerns about American
science literacy, scientists and educators have struggled to teach this discipline more effectively. Science
Teaching Reconsidered provides undergraduate science educators with a path to understanding students,
accommodating their individual differences, and helping them grasp the methods—and the wonder—of
science.

Teaching Methods
The term teaching method refers to the
general principles, pedagogy and
management strategies used for classroom
instruction.

Your choice of teaching method depends on

what fits you — your educational philosophy,
classroom demographic, subject area(s) and
school mission statement.

Teaching theories can be organized into four

categories based on two major parameters: a
teacher-centered approach versus a student-
centered approach, and high-tech material
use versus low-tech material use.

Interested in developing your skills as a teacher? Explore online education short

courses designed to give you an in depth understanding of various skills in
teaching.
Teacher-Centered Approach to Learning
Taken to its most extreme interpretation, teachers are the main authority figure in
a teacher-centered instruction model. Students are viewed as “empty
vessels” External link  who passively receive knowledge from their teachers through
lectures and direct instruction, with an end goal of positive results from testing and
assessment. In this style, teaching and assessment are viewed as two separate
entities; student learning is measured through objectively scored tests and
assessments.

Learn more about the different teaching styles that use a teacher-centered
approach.

Student-Centered Approach to Learning

While teachers are still an authority figure in a student-centered teaching model,
teachers and students play an equally active role in the learning process.

The teacher’s primary role is to coach and facilitate student learning and overall
comprehension of material, and to measure student learning through both formal
and informal forms of assessment, like group projects, student portfolios, and class
participation. In the student-centered classroom, teaching and assessment are
connected because student learning is continuously measured during teacher
instruction.

Learn more about the different teaching styles that use a student-centered
approach.
High Tech Approach to Learning
Advancements in technology have propelled the education sector in the last few decades. As the name
suggests, the high tech approach to learning utilizes different technology to aid students in their
classroom learning. Many educators use computers and tablets in the classroom, and others may use
the internet to assign homework. The internet is also beneficial in a classroom setting as it provides
unlimited resources. Teachers may also use the internet in order to connect their students with people
from around the world.

Lecture method as teaching strategy

Lecture method is most convenient and inexpensive method of teaching any subject. It hardly
requires the use of scientific apparatus, experiment, and aids materials except for the black
board. Lecture method is teacher controlled and information centered approach in which teacher
works as a role resource in classroom instruction. In this method, the only teacher does the
talking and the student is passive listens. This creates dullness in the classrooms as the
interaction between the pupil and teacher ceases to occur.

In the field of education, lecture method is used very frequently. This method is used in order to
acquire knowledge and concept. Lecture method mainly focuses on cognitive objectives. The
main emphasis of this strategy is the presentation of the content. In this method teachers plans
and controls the whole teaching – learning process. To make the lecture interesting, the teacher
can take the help of audio -visual aids.
Principles of lecture method
(1) A student can learn better through listening.

(2) Through lecture method, the teacher makes an attempt to impart perfect and complete
knowledge of the subject or the topic students.

(3) Subject matter can be correlated with other subjects.

(4) New knowledge is given related to previous knowledge.

When to use lecture method

(1) It is used to give an overview of a large unit.

(2) This method is an effective way for motivating pupils and developing their interest in the
subject.

(3) It is used for supplementing the pupils reading and for clarifying main concepts.

(4) This method helps to save the time of students by providing important information in short
time period.

(5) This method is used to provide background.

Steps of the lecture method

(1) Preparation for the lecture:-
This includes silent points like

(a) appropriate language and manner of presentation according to the nature of students.

(b) selection of audio-visual aids and instructional materials.

(c) planning the motivational technique

(d) anticipating certain difficulties and problem during the lecture.

(e) finding suitable solution and alternatives to these barriers to a successful lecture.

(2) Introduction to the lecture:-

It should be done briefly and if it is executed poorly, it can initially kill off the enthusiasm of the
student.

(3) Giving the body of the lecture:-

The teacher should have a given cognitive framework upon which he relies to achieve a more
logical presentation.

(4) Conclusion of the lecture:-

Following technique can be used to wrap up the lecture.

(a) summarizing the major points presented.

(b) forming generalization

(c) giving implications.

Advantage of lecture method

(1) It is economical with regard to time.

(2) It helps in developing the habit of concentration among the students.

(3) It helps in achieving even high order cognitive objectives ( i.e ) application, analysis,
synthesis.
(4) Lecture method presents the subject matter in a systematic way.

(5) It develops good audience habits.

(6) Through this method, new subject matter can easily be introduced.

(7) It enables linkage between previous knowledge with a new one.

Disadvantages of lecture method

(1) Since this is a teacher-centered method so it provides very little scope for student activity.

(2) Student plays a passive role in this method.

(3) Individual differences are not taken into consideration.

(4) It can not be used for achieving psycho motor objectives.

Q.2 Discuss in detail Bruner’s “Concept attainment model” and

Piaget’s “Cognitive growth model”.

ANSWER