UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

KIDAPAWAN CITY CAMPUS

Sudapin, Kidapawan City

ELXTE 211
CHRISTMAS LIGHTS & FLASHLIGHTS

Prepared by:
CUEVAS, JOHN MARK I.; &
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RICARDEL, RONNIE 1
 COMPONENTS OF CHRISTMAS
LIGHTS
1. LDR – The sensitivity of the LDR based on the intensity of
light declining on it. With the increase in the fall of light
intensity LDR resistance decreases and vice versa.
2. LED – It consists of semiconductor material and produces
different colors of light as its output.
3. IC CD4093- It is made up of four Schmitt-trigger circuit.
Every circuit work as a NAND gate off two inputs having
Schmitt trigger action on both inputs. For positive and
negative going signals the gate switches at different points.
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 HOW DO CHRISTMAS LIGHTS
WORK?
In a simple circuit, electricity travels through a closed
circuit, passing over a filament, causing it to glow
brightly. The more current passes over a filament,
the hotter it will get, the brighter it will burn, and
quicker it will burn out. If the circuit is broken, or
open, no electricity will pass over the filament and it
will not light. If the current is too great, the filament
will melt, or blow out, causing the circuit to become
open.
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 HOW DO CHRISTMAS LIGHTS
WORK?
But we want more than one light to
shine on our Christmas tree or along
the roofs of our homes. If you want to
connect multiple light bulbs to the
same power source, there are two
ways to do that: either attach the lights
in series or in parallel.
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 PARALLEL VS. SERIES LIGHTS
When lights are attached in series, the electricity
passes from the power source to the first light,
and then from light to light until it returns to the
power source. In this setup, when a filament
within any one bulb blows out, it creates an open
circuit in the wiring. As we mentioned earlier,
when a circuit is incomplete, or open, electricity
fails to pass through any of the wire, causing all
the lights to go out.
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 PARALLEL VS. SERIES LIGHTS

When lights are attached in parallel, each

light is on its own circuit to the power
source. If one filament burns out, it has
no effect on the remaining lights, as they
each continue to be in a closed circuit
with the power source. Check out the
difference.
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 PARALLEL VS. SERIES LIGHTS

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 PARALLEL VS. SERIES LIGHTS

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 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

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 TROUBLES/SYMPTOMS/REMEDY

T: Christmas Lights doesn’t light

S: Light bulb are not lighting even if there is
a power source
R: Check each bulb to see if they are fully
inserted into the socket; check the bulb
wires if it is making proper contact.
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 TROUBLES/SYMPTOMS/REMEDY

T: Fuse is blown.
S: The Christmas Light is not functioning.
R: Open the trap door and check the fuse
as a first quick check. Christmas extension
cords also often have these fused
protections so check your extension cord
as well.
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 TROUBLES/SYMPTOMS/REMEDY
T: Light set that isn’t plugged in to the wall – or
is improperly plugged into another strand
S: Strands has no power
R: The best way to know for sure is to plug the
strand directly into a working wall outlet. If it
won’t reach, then just temporarily run an
extension cord to the lights wherever they are
hung.
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 FLASHLIGHT

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 PARTS OF FLASHLIGHT:
1 – Case - The tube that houses the parts of the
flashlight, Including the batteries and lamp (light
bulb).
2 – Contacts - A very thin spring or strip of metal
(usually copper or brass).
3 – Switch – used to ON and OFF the flashlight.
4 – Reflector - A plastic part, coated with a shiny
aluminum layer that rests around the lamp (light
bulb).
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 PARTS OF FLASHLIGHT:
5 – Lamp - The light source in a flashlight;
also known as an LED.
6 -  Lens - The lens is the clear, plastic part
you see on the front of the flashlight that
protects the lamp.
7 – Batteries - the power source for the
flashlight.
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 PARTS OF FLASHLIGHT:
1. Case
2. Contacts
3. Switch
4. Reflector
5. Lamp
6. Lens
7. Batteries
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 HOW DO FLASHLIGHTS WORK?
• When the switch of a flashlight is pushed into the
ON position, it makes contact between two contact
strips, which begin a flow of electricity, powered
from the battery.
• When activated by electricity, the tungsten filament
or LED in the lamp begins to glow, producing light
that is visible. This light reflects off of the reflector
that is positioned around the lamp.
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 HOW DO FLASHLIGHTS WORK?

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 SIMPLE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

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 TROUBLES/SYMPTOMS/REMEDY
T: The Flashlight will not turn on.
S: No response. You try to turn it on but it
flickers or turns on and immediately turns back
off.
R: Make sure the contact points are clean. For
most flashlights, this will be a spring or piece of
metal. If dust or debris is caught in the contacts
then the flashlight may not work properly.
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 TROUBLES/SYMPTOMS/REMEDY
T: Rechargeable Flashlight won’t charge
S: You go to plug the flashlight in and it doesn’t appear
to be charging. 
R: Sometimes dust or debris can get in and around the
adapter on the flashlight. Most micro-USB and USB-C
ports will have a silicone cover to prevent dust from
getting in, but sometimes we can forget to seal the
cover, and dust or dirt can sneak inside. Try blowing
inside the port to remove.
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 TROUBLES/SYMPTOMS/REMEDY
T: The Flashlight is still has no light even if the battery are
new and the LED is clear.
S: If your light is clean and has fresh batteries, but still does
not work, you should diagnose your switch.
R: Diagnose the switch. Remove the tail cap (if the light
uses a tail switch) and ensure the batteries are installed
correctly; place a metallic object like a paperclip, some
tweezers, or a screwdriver across the tail section so that it
makes contact with both the flashlight and the battery.
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 THANK YOU!
GOD BLESS!

“God bless us all”

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