2 D Transformation

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko
1 Syamsudin & Anisya November 16, 2021

Transformations and Matrices
Transformations are functions
Matrices are functions representations
Matrices represent linear transformation
{2x2 Matrices}  {2D Linear Transformation}

Transformations (1/3)
 What are they?
 Merubah sesuatu menjadi sesuatu yang lain menggunakan aturan
tertentu
 Matematik : pemetaan antara nilai-nilai yang berada dalam suatu
himpunan.
 geometric: translasi, rotasi, scale, shear,…
 Why are they important to graphics?
 moving objects on screen / in space
 mapping from model space to screen space
 specifying parent/child relationships
…

Transformation (2/3)
Translation ty
Moving an object
Scale
tx
Changing the size of an
object
xnew = xold + tx; ynew = yold + ty
hnew
hold
wold wnew sx=wnew/wold sy=hnew/hold

4 Syamsudin & Anisya xnew = sxxold y new =sy
November 16, 2021
y old
Transformation (3/3)
To rotate a line or polygon, (x,y)
we must rotate each of its

vertices
Shear
Original Data y Shear x Shear

What is a 2D Linear Transform?
   
Definition :T( a x  y )  aT ( x )  T( y ) ,
 
for scalar a and vectors x and y.
Example
Scale in x, by 2, say :
2 (x 0  x1), y0  y1   ( 2 x0 , y0 )  ( 2 x1 , y1)

Example
y y
Scale in x by 2  2 x0  2 x1, y0  y1

( x1 , y1 ) (2 x1 , y1 ) ( 2 x1 , y1 )
 2 x0  2 x1, y0  y1
x x
(2 x0 , y0 )
( x0 , y0 ) (2 x0 , y0 )
y
 2( x0  x1), y0  y1
y
 2( x0  x1), y0  y1
 ( x0  x1), y0  y1  ( x0  x1), y0  y1
( x1 , y1 )
 2( x0  x1), y0  y1  2( x0  x1), y0  y1

x
x
204481( xFoundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

7 0 , y0 ) November 16, 2021
Syamsudin & Anisya
Transformations: Translation (1/2)
 A translation is a
straight line
movement of an
object from one
position to another.
 A point (x,y) is
transformed to the
point (x’,y’) by
adding the translation
distances Tx and Ty:
x’ = x + Tx
y’ = y + Ty
Transformations: Translation(2/2)
 moving a point by
P (5,10)
a given tx and ty
amount P(15,10)
t x  10
 e.g. point P is T   
t y   0 
translated to point
P’
 moving a line by a P1(5,20)
given tx and ty
amount P 2(5,10) t x   0  P1(5,10)
T   
 translate each of t
  
y  10 P 2(5,0)
the 2 endpoints
Transformations: Rotation (1/4)
Objects rotated according to angle of rotation
theta ()
Suppose a point P(x,y) is transformed to the point
P'(x',y') by an anti-clockwise rotation about the
origin by an angle of  degrees, then:
Given x = r cos  , y = r sin 

x’ = x cos  – y sin 
y’ = y sin  + y cos 

Rotation P by  anticlockwise relative to origin (0,0)
P( x, y )
P ( x, y ) r y P ( x, y )


(0,0) x
(0,0)

Rotation about an arbitary pivot point (x R,yR)
Step 1: translation of the object by (-xR,-yR)
x1 = x - x R
y1 = y - y R
Step 2: rotation about the origin
x2 = x1 cos() - y1sin ()
y2 = y1cos() - x1sin ()
Step 3: translation of the rotated object by (xR,yR)
x’ = xr + x2
y’ = yr + y2
object can be
rotated around an
arbitrary point
(xr,yr) known as
rotation or pivot
point by:
x' = xr + (x - xr) cos() - (y - yr) sin ()

y' = yr + (x - xr) sin ()+(y - yr) cos()
Transformations: Scaling (1/5)
Scaling changes the size of an object
Achieved by applying scaling factors sx and sy
Scaling factors are applied to the X and Y
co-ordinates of points defining an object’s

uniform scaling is produced when sx and sy have same
value i.e. sx = sy
non-uniform scaling is produced when sx and sx are
not equal - e.g. an ellipse from a circle.
i.e. sx  sy
x2 = sxx1 y2 = syy1
Simple scaling -
relative to (0,0) P1( x, y )
 General form:
P1( x, y )
x  s x * x
y  s y * y
P1(2,3) P1(4,3)
Ex: sx = 2 and sy=1
P 2(3,1) P 2(6,1)

If the point (xf,yf) is to be the fixed point, the
transformation is:
x' = xf + (x - xf) Sx
y' = yf + (y - yf) Sy
This can be rearranged to give:
x' = x Sx + (1 - Sx) xf
y' = y Sy + (1 - Sy) yf
which is a combination of a scaling about the
origin and a translation.


x' = xr + (x - xr) cos() - (y - yr) sin
y' = yr + (x - xr) sin ()+(y - yr) cos
Transformation as Matrices
Scale: cos 60 = 0.5

x’ = sxx sin 60 = 0.866 sx 0   x   sx  x 
 0 s     s  y 
y’ = syy  y  y  y 
Rotation:
x’ = xcos - ysin 
cos  sin    x   x cos  y sin  
 sin  
y’ = xsin  + ycos   cos   y   x sin   y cos 
  
Translation: t x   x   x  t x 
x’ = x + tx t       y  t 
y’ = y + ty
 y   y  y

Transformations: Shear (1/2)
1 a   x   x  ay 
Shear in x: Shx       
0 1   y   y 
(a,1)
(0,1) (1,1)
(1, 0) (1, 0)
Transformations: Shear (2/2)
1 0  x   x 
Shear in y: Shy       
b 1 y
    bx  y 
(0,1) (0,1) (1,1)
(0,0) (0,0)
(1, 0)
21 Syamsudin & Anisya

(1,b)
November 16, 2021
Shear in x then in y
(1,1)
(1  a,1)
(0,1) (a,1)
(0,1)
(0,0) (0,0)
(1,0) (1,0)
(a,1  ab)
     
(1,1  b) (1  a  ab,1  b)
(0,1) (0,1)
(1, b)
(1  ab, b)
(0,0) (0,0)
Shear in y then in x
(1,1) (0,1) (a,1) (1  a,1)
(0,1)
(0,0) (0,0) (1  a,1  b  ab)

(1,0) (1,0)
(a,1  ab)
(1,1  b)
(0,1)
(0,1)
(1, b) (1,  b)
(0,0)
Homogeneous coordinate
As translations do not have a 2 x 2 matrix
representation, we introduce homogeneous
coordinates to allow a 3 x 3 matrix representation.
The Homogeneous coordinate corresponding to the
point (x,y) is the triple (xh, yh, w) where:
xh = wx
yh = wy
For the two dimensional transformations we can set
w = 1.
Matrix representation
 x cos  sin  0
P( x , y )   y  R   sin  cos 0
 1   0 0 1
sx 0 0 1 0 t x 
S x, y   0 s y 0 Tx , y  0 1 t y 
 0 0 1 0 0 1 

Basic Transformation (1/3)
Translation

Rotation
 cos t sin t 0
 
P   ( x , y ,1)  ( x , y ,1)  sin t cos t 0  PS (t )
 
 0 0 1

Scaling

Composite Transformation
Suppose we wished P2  T3,1 P1
to perform multiple
transformations on
P3  S2, 2 P2
a point: P4  R30 P3
M  R30 S2,2 T3,1
P4  MP1

Example of Composite Transformation(1/3)
A scaling transformation at an arbitrary angle is a
combination of two rotations and a scaling:
R(-t) S(Sx,Sy) R(t)
A rotation about an arbitrary point (xf,yf) by and

angle t anti-clockwise has matrix:
T(-xf,-yf) R(t) T(xf,yf)

Reflection about the y-axis Reflection about the x-
axis  1 0 0
  1 0 0 
0 1 0 0  1 0 
  
 0 0 1 0 0 1

Reflection about the origin Reflection about the

line y=x
 1 0 0  0 1 0 
 0  1 0 1 0 0 
   
 0 0 1  0 0 1 

Cos 30 -Sin 30 2 ((Cos 30)*2)+((-sin 30)*1)
x =
Sin 30 Cos 30 1 ((Sin 30)*2)+((cos 30)*1)
((0.866)*2)+((-0.5)*1) (1.732)+(-0.5) 1.232

= =
((0.5)*2)+((0.866)*1) (1)+(0.866) 1.866


2 D Transformation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 D Transformation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

1 Syamsudin & Anisya November 16, 2021

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

wold wnew sx=wnew/wold sy=hnew/hold

To rotate a line or polygon, (x,y)

we must rotate each of its

Original Data y Shear x Shear

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

Scale in x by 2  2 x0  2 x1, y0  y1

 2( x0  x1), y0  y1  2( x0  x1), y0  y1

204481( xFoundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

Given x = r cos  , y = r sin 

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

x' = xr + (x - xr) cos() - (y - yr) sin ()

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

Scale: cos 60 = 0.5

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

(0,1) (0,1) (1,1)

21 Syamsudin & Anisya

(0,0) (0,0) (1  a,1  b  ab)

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

R(-t) S(Sx,Sy) R(t)

A rotation about an arbitrary point (xf,yf) by and

T(-xf,-yf) R(t) T(xf,yf)

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

Reflection about the origin Reflection about the

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

((0.866)*2)+((-0.5)*1) (1.732)+(-0.5) 1.232

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics By Eko

You might also like

((0.866)2)+((-0.5)1) (1.732)+(-0.5) 1.232