MAINTENANCE AND

REHABILITATION OF
STRUCTURES

UNIT 1

MOHD ARFATH KHAN

Overview Introduction
Importance of
maintenance

Types of General
maintenance Maintenance

Home
Painting of
electricity
Buildings
system.
 Building maintenance is the work to be
Introduction undertaken (after the construction of the
building has been completed) to keep,
restore or improve every facility that has
been provided in the building.
Maintenance is derived from French word
“MAINTENIR” which means to hold, keep and
preserve a equipment or building structure
to an acceptable standard of serviceability.

Repair: It is a work or activities carried out

for the removal of any decay or defect or
damage developed or caused due to
constructional defect or due to natural decay
of the structure.
Objectives of Maintenance

To preserve buildings along with their services and plants in good serviceable
condition.

To restore buildings along with their services and plants in their original standards
after any deterioration occurred due to any reason

To improve the serviceability of buildings and plants when ever required.

To sustain their utility value by slowing down the rate of deterioration of

structures and plants.
 Cost

Age of building
Factors
Influencing Availability of physical resources

the Urgency
Maintenance Future use

Social considerations
 Cost: The cost of maintenance is
divided into two categories.
• Direct cost
Factors • Indirect cost

Influencing • Direct cost: It comprises the cost of material,

labour, rent and cartage of equipment etc.

the • Usually, it varies from 70 to 90% of the total

repair cost.

Maintenance • Indirect cost: It comprises of cost of stoppage

of work, money spent on safety measures,
availability of time, over head expenses,
restricted access etc.
• It varies from 10 to 30 % or even more.
 Factors Influencing the Maintenance

Age of building: Availability of physical resources:

Every element of a structure has a definite life span. During planning of maintenance availability of all
All elements start aging from the moment used in the materials, components, services and equipment
structure. needed should be available or else maintenance
is not possible.
Hence a comprehensive program of inspection and
maintenance of structure should be prepared as soon as
the construction of structure has been completed.
Factors Influencing the Maintenance

Urgency: In case of failure of some services as failure of water supply,

failure of electricity supply, the repair needs immediate attention.
Inconvenience is caused if repair is not done immediately.

Future use: At the time of considering of carrying out maintenance, future

use of building as a whole must be kept in view.

Social considerations: While carrying out maintenance work, the

disturbance to the society should be minimum. Pleasing environment
should be created by regular and planned maintenance.
 Necessity of Maintenance

Prevention of damages and decay caused due to natural agencies, wear and
tear and keep them in good working condition and appearance for the
intended job

Repair of defects developed in the structure and strengthen them

 Structural parts

Foundations

Maintenance Brick masonry walls

in an Concrete and reinforced concrete (RC) items
Ordinary
Doors and windows
Building
Flooring

Roof
 Maintenance in an Ordinary Building
Bathroom and its appliances
Services
Water storage works including pumps
Plumbing for water supply
Plumbing for sewage and waste disposal
Electric supply and services
Drainage of rainwater from compound
Compound wall and slope stability works of the boundary
Garage and other conveniences
 Day to Day Maintenance

Preventive Maintenance
Classification Remedial Maintenance
of
Routine Maintenance
Maintenance
Special Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance
 Day to Day Maintenance
These works involve removing chokings of drainage pipe, manholes,
restoration of water supply, replacement of blown-out fuses,
repairing faulty switches etc.
The aim of this facility is to ensure satisfactory and continuous
functioning of the various services provided in the building.

Emergency works also comes under this group.

Preventive Maintenance

This work is done before the development of defects or damage

in the structure.
It includes thorough inspection and planning the programme of
maintenance and its execution.
It depends upon the condition, use and specifications of the
structure
The following actions may be taken to arrest decay or damage of
the structure
The following actions may be taken to arrest decay or
damage of the structure
• Stopping of leakage in roof, walls, sanitary, plumbing and waste water pipe
lines and rain water pipe lines by regular and proper maintenance
• Use of specified materials and adoption of good workmanship during
construction.
• Adoption of correct specifications for items during construction.
• Protecting the structures from physical influences and weathering agencies.
• Protecting of structure from aggressive environmental influences.
• Proper use of structure
 Remedial Maintenance
This is done after the occurrence of damage in the structure. The following steps are
involved.
Determination of the extent of deterioration or damage.

Determination of the causes of the decay or deterioration.

Determining the strength of the existing structure.

Assessing or evaluating the needs of the structure

Selection of proper procedure of repair and its implementation

 Routine Maintenance

It is a service maintenance attended to the structures periodically.

For this maintenance generally 1.5% amount is fixed of the cost of construction.

The interval of routine maintenance of different items also has been fixed as a
guide line.
It includes inspection, planning and execution of the maintenance plan.

General works included are white washing of building, patch repair of plaster work,
replacement of faulty fittings and fixtures, binding of road surfaces etc.
 Special Maintenance

It is carried out under special conditions.

It is not covered in routine or annual repairs.

It requires sanction from competent authority.

It is required for strengthening the structure to increase its serviceability as in case of foundation settlement.

It may include a particular part or complete removal of floors and roofs.

In this case estimate of repairs is prepared.

Financial and technical approvals are obtained before starting the work.
Corrective Maintenance

It is the most common method of maintenance.

When an element or item fails or falls below the level of

acceptable standard, corrective maintenance is resorted
as repair of cracks or corrosion maintenance etc.
Painting of Buildings
• It is a very important and costly activity for the
maintenance of buildings.
• Painting done for different elements of buildings are
 Painting of cement plastered walls
 Painting of timber doors and windows
 Painting of iron and steel grills, gates etc.
 Painting other items like GI sheets, asbestos sheets etc.
Types of Paints Paints for plastered Paints for
used in Building walls (interior and
exterior)
woodwork (interior
and exterior)
Industry

Paints for plastic

Paints for metal
sheets, asbestos
work (interior and
cement (AC) sheets
exterior)
etc.

Paints for brickwork Paints for shiny

and terracotta tiles floors
Types of Paints

Wall paints can be classified into breathing and non-breathing types

depending on their ability to let moisture pass through the painted surfaces.

Oil-based paints are non-breathing type of paint. This leave an impermeable

film on the surface after drying and if the moisture is entrapped behind the
film, the surface blisters as the moisture has to escape.

Cement paint are breathing type of paint. This paint after drying allows
moisture to pass through the painted surface. It is preferable to use in RC
slabs (like under bathrooms and wet areas)
General Precautions taken in Painting

1) Cement paint has to be applied to the wet surfaces. Lime was h

and colour wash can also be applied on wet surfaces but other
superior paints such as OBD and plastic emulsion paints should be
applied only after the moisture in the walls has dried out.
2)In case of newly plastered walls, these special paints should be
applied only after 3 to 6 months after plastering and the moisture
in the wall has completely dried out.
3)At least three coatings of paint should be given to new surfaces.
The first coat is the priming coat with a suitable primer. There are
different primers for wood, plaster and metal.
General Precautions taken in Painting
The second coat, called undercoat, covers the primer coat and acts as bond to
subsequent coats. In many cases, this coat is only a thinned paint of the finishing or
third coat.
The third coat is the final finishing coat. The final finish can be given as follows in
order of smoothness:
• Mat finish or flat finish
• Eggshell
• Oil gloss
• High gloss such as enamel (It highlights the irregularity and generally not preferred
except in high class works)
4)While painting the outside walls, it is advisable to choose colours that do not fade
when exposed to direct sunlight
General Points in Painting

• To remove the irregularities on the surface of wall, putty can be applied before painting.
• For ordinary works, plaster of Paris can be used as putty.
• For superior work, special copolymer emulsion putty is used. It may be included with
primer coat also.
• It is more convenient to first apply white primer on cement plastered walls before
applying putty. The white primer background shows the irregularities and then putty can
be applied effectively.
• The putty coat is rubbed with sandpaper to smoothen the surface.
• After that one more coat of primer can be applied and it is allowed it to dry for 10 to 12
hours before undercoat.
General Points in Painting

• Oil and acrylic paints and distempers do not fare well if there is alkalinity in
the surface to be plastered . Hence it is essential to apply alkali-resistant
primer on these whitewashed surfaces before paints.
• While painting the exterior walls, all moulds, algae, moss etc. should be
removed.
• When efflorescence is seen in the brick wall, water should not be used to
was out efflorescence. The deposit should be brushed and cleaned in the
dry state itself. We may use acid etching.
 Cleaning the surface by proper sand
papering.

Procedure Application of primer coat.

for Painting Filling the small dents by a filler coat.

new
Buildings Application of first undercoat of the paint.

Application of finishing coats.

Primer coats
Filler coats

The third operation in painting is to fill the small dents by filler coats.

For example, we usually use wall putty on the walls. When using enamel paint, we
generally use a paste filler coat.

The wall putty can be prepared by mixing powdered chalk with 5% to 10% enamel
paint and 25% to 30% water. These are mixed well to form a homogeneous mixture.
 The commonly
used paints for
Paints used painting buildings
in are
• The paints used for
Buildings painting plastered walls
• The paints used for steel
and wood works
Paints for Painting Plastered Walls
Lime(fat lime) for whitewashing and lime with colouring matter for
colour washing.
Cement paints made from cement and some additives.

Old types of oil paints which are cheap consisting of oil as base
with pigments and a drier.
Dry distemper available in powder form and made from water
based natural substance such as powdered chalk.
Paints for Painting Plastered Walls

Oil bound distemper which is an emulsion and available in thick paste form.

Ordinary emulsion paints.

Acrylic plastic emulsion paints.

Exterior paints which are cement paints or acrylic plastic emulsion paints specially
made for exterior use.
Paints for Painting Steel and Wood

• Enamel paints contains resinous matter which forms smooth and hard film.
The resins may be ordinary resins or plastic alkyl resin as in synthetic
enamel paints. They are available in two types – one for exterior works and
other for interior works.
• Varnishes and polishes are also used for wood work. There are many
varieties of these mateials
 • Whitewashing and colour washing using lime
mixed with water.
• Painting with cement paint (mixed with water)
Description • Painting with dry distemper (mixed with water)
of Paintwork • Painting with oil bound distemper (thinned with
water)
of Walls in • Painting with plastic emulsion paint (thinned
Buildings with water)
• Painting iron and steel with enamel paints
(thinned with turpentine or thinner)
• Varnishing woodwork with attractive grains
 Paintwork is to be
carried out under
following three steps
Steps of
• Preparation of material for
Paintwork paint
• Preparation of surface to be
painted
• Application of paint
 The paint is prepared as follow
• 1 kg of lime is mixed with 5 liter of
Whitewashing water and allowed to stand at least for
24 hours after which it is screened
and Colour through a clean coarse cloth.
• Now, 5g of salt and a small quantity, say
Washing with 3g of ultramarine are added to this.
Lime • These are mixed well
• The quantities of materials needed for
painting 100 m2 area are listed in
following table
Preparation of cement paints for painting
Then, again add one or more
First two parts by volume of
parts of water. The quantity
cement paint is taken and Allow it to stand for 15
of water to be added to
added to one part of water minutes to make the mix
further mixes is kept the
to obtain a creamy ready for painting.
same to get a constant
consistency.
colour from the paint.

Only that quantity of paint is

to be mixed each time that The covering capacity of
The paint should be kept
lasts for an hour or so cement paint is about 5
stirred during use.
depending on the m2/kg per coat.
temperature.
Painting with Dry Distemper
These are water paints with powdered chalk in which glue, resin etc. are added as a binder.

Surface should be dry and new surface should be allowed to dry for 3 to 6 months.

The paint is prepared by mixing 1 kg of powder with 600 cc (0.6 l) of clean warm water.

It is allowed to stand for 30 minutes before use and should be used in the same day.

Its covering capacity is about 10 m2/kg per coat.

Painting with Oil Bound Washable Distemper
OBD comes as a thick paste, its an emulsion type of paint.

It wears itself to a smooth, durable matt finish that can be wiped clean with water and mild soap.

The surface should be prepared before applying OBD.

Clean water is added slowly to thick OBD paste and stirred upto brushable consistency.

500 ml to 800 ml water is added to each kg of distemper.

24 hours interval is maintained between successive coats.

The covering capacity of OBD is 10 m2/l per coat.

 Cleaning and sandpapering
Method of
painting of Application of primer coat
iron and Stopping and filling
steel with
enamel Application of first undercoat
paint Application of finishing coats
 Removal of knots and preparation of
Painting surface
Applying primer coat
new
Woodwork Stopping and filling (filling hole with
with putty)
Applying undercoat
Enamel
Paints Apply topcoats
 Knot filling, glue sizing and filling
of holes.
Staining
Method of
Polishing Sealing
Wood
Finishing by varnish, spirit
polishing or clear paint
Defects in Paintworks
1) Alligatoring
2) Blistering
3) Bloom or flashing
4) Brush marks
5) Cracking
6) Flaking
7) Lack of opacity or body
8) Peeing
9) Pin holes
Comparison of Cost of Painting Walls
 • This chapter is divided into following headings
1) Fundamentals about electric supply in
buildings
Maintenance 2) Electric supply from street line to the building

of Home 3) Make-up of the consumer service board in the

building
Electricity 4) Importance of ELCB switch
System 5) Devices for alternate supply when the power
supply goes off
6) Maintenance of electrical system in a building
7) Installation of window air conditioners
 Fundamentals
• In electrical engineering, the power of an item is expressed in watts (W)
and it is related to the voltage (in volts V) and the current (in ampere A)
W=VxA
• For example, if we use 15A fuse with a current of 220V then fuse can stand
power up to 3300W (3.3kW). Generally total connected load per fuse is not
allowed more than 3 kW.
• In general, we use 13A-15A fuse in each of the circuits in a building.
• Capacities of electrical systems like invertors, solar panels are expressed in
kilowatt (kW) or kilovolt ampere (kVA)
 Load Rating of Lighting Devices used in
Buildings
• Lights used in buildings are
1) Tungsten filament lamp of different wattage
2) Fluorescent lamps of different wattages (these consume only 20%
current when compared with filament lamps)
3) Flood light lamps
4) Other special lamps
• The brightness of a lamp is expressed in a unit called Lumen(lm).
• The unit of electricity which we pay charges is kilowatt hour (kWh)
• One 25W lamp for 40 hours consumes only 1 kWh which is very less
than electric appliances
Load Rating of Lighting Devices used in Buildings
 Lighting and Power Circuits
• In a building the electric connections to various devices are made by
different circuits, known as
1) Lighting circuits
2) Power circuits
3) Fixed appliance circuits
 low wattage units like lights can be connected by two wires:
Lighting one phase and the neutral.
circuits: However, the most used is the three-wire circuit system
known as loop in method.
It uses an earthed twin cable and a circuit breaker on fuse
protection device

Equipment's of not very high wattage like refrigerators,

Power pumps are connected to three-wire system.
circuits:
Switches of the lighting circuits and sockets of power
circuits are placed on the same switch board.
 Fixed appliance circuits
• These are circuits for individual units like air conditioner with high
wattage.
• This should be always earthed.
• We know V = IR
• If there is any leakage of electricity, then because of earthing the
resistance R becomes small and amperes of current I becomes very
large, this blow out 15A fuse in the circuit at switchboard and
switches off the current which makes equipment safe.
Electric Supply from Street Line to Building
• Supply of electricity to buildings can be carried by overhead lines or
underground cables.
• Insulated cables are used for overhead lines from street to the buildings
and then it is run down the wall of the building and then taken up to the
switchboard.
• The looping of wires by taking it down and then up before entry into the
buildings is provided to prevent rainwater from entering the building.
• For underground cables is taken along an underground duct laid in the
space between the compound wall and the entry of cable into the building.
Electric Supply from Street Line to Building
• The cable insulation must be kept undamaged and laying of the cable
should not disturb the damp-proof course of the building.
• If the supply is only for lighting, it can be single phase with one phase
wire and the neutral. In general, it is supplied in three phases and the
neutral.
• The supply is made to the buildings through three 100 A fuses by the
electricity board.
Make-up of the Consumer Service Unit in the Building

The current from electricity board’s 100 A fuses goes to the current meter, then to ELCB, then to main
switch and finally, to the distributors.

The distribution box contains the fuses or miniature circuit breakers (MCB), usually 13A to 15A and the
ring circuits for the buildings.

Each ring circuit should not carry a current more than 13A to 15A.

MCB switches off if the current exceeds the limit of 15A in that circuit.

Consumer service unit consists of the following items in the order of the electric flow
Make-up of the Consumer Service Unit in the
Building
100 A fuses and the neutral connection to the electrical supply of the government.

Earth connection

Meter for measuring consumption by consumer

Earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) for cutting off electricity if there is any leakage of current

Main switch to switch off or on the supply

Fuse chamber containing fuse holders or miniature circuit breakers for each of the ring system to
distribute the current to the buildings
Importance of Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers

In most old buildings, ELCB switch is not present in electric circuits.

It is better to insist electricians to incorporate ELCB in the circuit of all

buildings, as it ensures that there are no faults in the electric supply in
the building.
Devices for Alternate Supply during Power
Failure
Phase Changer
• A phase changer allows the connections that were on the dead phase to get
connected to one of the other live phases.
• It stops the problem of cutting off one phase from the main supply.
Inverter and UPS
• This is a device with batteries connected to the main supply. The batteries get
charged when the electric supply is on. As soon as the supply stops, the inverter
automatically provides current from the charged batteries to the limited
connections.
• A device which is connected to devices like computers for no interruption of
current is known as uninterrupted power supply (UPS)
Maintenance of Electric System in
Buildings
1) Always use good copper wire for all electrical wiring. Aluminum
wires and other cheaper materials deteriorate fast. Renewing the
wiring in future is costly.
2) Do not overload any of the circuits by using too many appliances in
one circuit.
3) Do not use lamps of very high wattage.
4) Do not use more than 13A to 15A fuse in each of the ring circuits.
5) Make the circuits so good than an ELCB can be installed in the
system.
Maintenance of Electric System in
Buildings
6) Avoid moisture from all places near the path of electric wiring and
especially at all junctions of the distribution points of the wiring system
which are usually placed on the top of the walls of the buildings.
7) Do not use worn-out extension cords.
8) Avoid coiling extension cords of appliances to prevent overheating.
Replace extension cords even when there is only a trace of wear and
tear.
9) Do not place extension cords under carpets, furniture etc.
10) Avoid use of many extension cords in only one circuit to avoid
overloading of the circuit.
Installation of Air Conditioners in
Buildings
• The different types of AC’s are window AC, split AC and central AC.
• Size of AC depends on room size.
• In one day, one ton AC is assumed to produce cooling equal to the melting of one ton of
ice.
• One ton of AC is recommended for every 100 sq.ft floor area of a room of standard
height.
• Window AC should not be placed in direct sunlight near window. It is better to put canvas
sunshade or other shading device.
• Split AC is installed higher up in the room where hot air tends to accumulate, and cold air
will travel down. Air blower is separated from main unit.
• Main unit should be kept in a shade or else hot sunlight makes AC unit inefficient.
 Maintenance of Air Conditioners
• Every summer, air tightness of the gasket around the unit should be inspected.
• Remove the outside metal shroud shading the compressor as well as all the
debris and dust collected over the condenser.
• Check the drains and clean them, if necessary, with a long wire.
• It is advisable to run AC for some time every month even if not required.
• Front filter must be cleaned regularly every month. First vacuum the filter to clear
fine dust and then wash it with soapy water, thoroughly rinse it and dry it before
fitting.
• Household disinfectant can be sprayed on filter to keep the incoming air fresh.
 Voltage Regulator for Air Conditioners
• A good voltage regulator is recommended when there is frequent breakage
of current supply or frequent variation of voltage of electric supply.
• There are two types of voltage regulators.
• Old type cuts off current if it falls below a certain limit and restarts when
the current builds up.
• New type won't switch off but boost up the voltage to some extent when
voltage drops.
• New type is costly and risky as it gets damaged more often when the
voltage becomes so low.
 The AC machines are placed outside
Isolation of the room and voltage regulators of the
Air room are also placed outside or
Conditioner separate room so that the mechanic
need not enter AC room for repair or
s and its maintenance.
Control This practice is becoming more
units from common so that mechanic can be
the Air- avoided entering private room or
places.
Conditioned
Room