TESOL  

Methodology

UNIT - 3

TEACHING METHODS
TESOL  Methodology

Application of Language Learning Theories

 TESOL  Methodology
Grammar-Translation Method

• Students are given explanations of grammar points and

example sentences that contain the grammar.

• Students use dictionaries to translate the sentences into the

first language.

• Grammar-translation may still be used for very specific

teaching purposes, such as teaching classical Latin or other
ancient languages, and to read (not speak) a foreign language.
 TESOL  Methodology
Grammar-Translation Method
Main characteristics
• classes are taught in the first language and there is little active
use of the target language
• there are long explanations of grammar
• students read difficult and/or long texts
• there is little or no attention to pronunciation
• students translate disconnected phrases or sentences from
one language to another

Limitations
• students gain reading knowledge of a second language, but
not communicative competence
 TESOL  Methodology

Vídeos - Grammar Translation Method

● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCLM7ZXp2nc

● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GkXy4gpMhU

● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYCBYuF5LUA

● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvD_gkopRjQ
TESOL  Methodology

The Direct Method

The direct method focuses on full immersion in the

classroom environment where not one word of the
students' native language is spoken.

The direct method puts strong emphasis on practice

and oral training – listening and speaking. Vocabulary is
more important than grammar, and the most important
is speaking.
 TESOL  Methodology

Advantages of the Direct Method

● It makes the learning of English interesting and lively by

establishing direct bond between a word and its
meaning.

● It is an activity method facilitating alertness and

participation of the pupils.

● According to Macnee, “It is the quickest way of getting

started”.
 TESOL  Methodology

Vídeos - The Direct Method

● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KarBHbU2ULs

● https://youtu.be/PYtaq9b_J8g

● https://youtu.be/Zk6HS8RlD98
 TESOL  Methodology
The Audiolingual Method (ALM)

• The Audiolingual method (ALM) is based on structural

linguistics and behavioral psychology.

•It relies on repetition and substitution drills.

•Audiolingualism became popular in the 1950's and is still used

today in language programs that focus on speaking skills
 TESOL  Methodology
The Audiolingual Method (ALM)
Main characteristics

• new material is presented in dialogue form

• there is imitation and memorization of set phrases
• structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills
• there is little or no grammatical explanation
• there is limited vocabulary learning done in context
• audio, videos, visual aids, and language labs are used
extensively
• great importance is attached to pronunciation
• successful responses are immediately reinforced
 TESOL  Methodology
The Audiolingual Method (ALM)
Limitations

• a lot of repetition may bore students

• there is a strong focus on accuracy
• not much opportunity for students to develop their
communication skills
• focus mainly on oral production – reading and writing are
neglected
 TESOL  Methodology

Vídeos - The Audiolingual Method (ALM)

● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=905Lgz-K00U

● https://youtu.be/utfHFPC3ky8

● https://youtu.be/Mqd7OdJoLn0
 TESOL  Methodology

Cognitive Code Learning Method

• It is grounded in generative linguistics and cognitive

psychology.

• It focuses on the rule-governed nature of language and

language learning.

• This method was a reaction to the Audiolingual method in

which the instruction focuses on imitation, and repetition
 TESOL  Methodology
Cognitive Code Learning Method
Main characteristics

• activities that focus on rule explanation

• an emphasis on deductive learning
• sequencing material by grammar
• drilling of grammar forms and structures
• grammar explanation precedes practice activities

Limitations
• lack of communicative proficiency in learners
• excessive explanation of grammatical rules may frustrate
student
 TESOL  Methodology

Vídeos - Cognitive Code Learning Method

● https://youtu.be/sSTlYJ8bLW8

● https://youtu.be/mXrDa240kJc

● https://youtu.be/edUWqi74hIs
TESOL  Methodology
Designer Methods
 TESOL  Methodology
Videos - Community Language Learning

● https://youtu.be/4e9nBLgp-Mw
● https://youtu.be/sV8Jk9KagR0
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qM_UdgIJ1Ho
● https://youtu.be/tx_we_P3Pic

Videos - Suggestopedia
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNFrAGfi50A
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DS9ssBARdLk
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrYC5nrPXVA
TESOL  Methodology
Designer Methods
 TESOL  Methodology

Vídeos - The Silent Way

● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1VbcQvJ9HQ
● https://youtu.be/gfxQ-NdAjjg
● https://youtu.be/WUfKVOH8vP4
Vídeos - Total Physical Response
● https://youtu.be/PQQrRF53r50
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkMQXFOqyQA
● https://youtu.be/BR37oAnUVvE
Vídeos - The Natural Approach
● https://youtu.be/eTVbdstastI
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbELl7dvNhg
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=489IoVjZ-Sk
 TESOL  Methodology
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
• It developed in reaction to other theories and approaches, in
this case cognitivist and structuralist theories.

•CLT sees language as a system for interaction and

communication.

•It draws on the constructivist idea that knowledge is

constructed through social interaction with others.

•Communicative Language Teaching emphasizes

communication between students, and students and the teacher
 TESOL  Methodology
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

Main characteristics

• interactive and meaningful language use

• activities include tasks, information sharing, negotiation of
meaning, and interaction
• use of task-based and authentic materials
• syllabus is guided by learner needs
• focus is on fluency and clear communication
• focus is on grammatical, functional, and social components of
the language
 TESOL  Methodology
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

Limitations

• accuracy is not always achieved

• there is a lot of focus on fluency not accuracy
• communication is stressed over reading and writing
 TESOL  Methodology

Vídeos - Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

● https://youtu.be/wfhB7fqg4BI

● https://youtu.be/HPXgnNY8TUw

● https://youtu.be/fFKKkLkBcn0
 TESOL  Methodology
Eclectic Methods

Eclectic methods are combinations of different aspects of

individual methods that teachers use to tailor their classes.

An eclectic method choice will depend on several factors;

including the type of course you are teaching and the structure
and size of your class.
 TESOL  Methodology
Eclectic Methods

Points to keep in mind to help your students to learn a new

language successfully

Students need to:

• interact with other students.
• experiment with the new language.
• be exposed to the new language both inside and outside the
classroom.
• focus on forms of the language and receive sufficient
explanation of them when students are learning.
• have sufficient time to learn the new language.
 TESOL  Methodology

Vídeos of Eclectic Methods

● https://youtu.be/wlcsBVCKT7w

● https://youtu.be/N0WLu0JhVoQ