Ideological Foundations

of Pakistan
 THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
(CHRONOLOGY)

Coming of Islam to ‘The Sub-Continent’

711 AD The Arab Muslims enter into Sindh 

998-1030 Mahmud of Ghazni raids into the
sub-continent from Afghanistan 
1192 Muhammad of Ghoor defeats
Rajpoots 
1206 Establishment of Delhi Sultanat 
1398 Destruction of Delhi by Taimoor 
 The Mughal Period  
1526 Zaheer ud Din Babar’s victory
against Ibraheem
Lodhi in the 1st Battle of Panipat 
1530-1556 Wars of succession 
1556 Akbar’s victory against Himoon
Baqqaal in 2nd Battle of Panipat
1556-1605 Reign of Akbar the Great 
1605-1627 Reign of Jahangir; In1612,
EIC opens 1st trading  center 
 Cont…
1628-1658 The Reign of Shah Jahaan 
1658-1707 The Reign of Aurangzeb 
1761 Afghan’s victory over Marathas
Army in 3rd Battle of Panipat 
1707-1858 Decline of the Mughal Empire 

Then comes the British India

 The British India
1757 Battle of Plassey - British victory over
Mughal forces in Bengal; Conventional date for
beginning of British rule in India

1784 William Pitt's India Act 

1799-1839 Sikh kingdom in the Punjab under

Maharaja Ranjeet Singh 
1830 Institution of British education and
other reform measures 
 
 Cont…
1843 The British annex Sindh, Hyderabad and
Khairpur 
1845-49 Sikh Wars; British annex the Punjab and
sell Kashmir, Gilgit, and Ladakh
1857-1858 Uprising, variously known as the first
war of independence, Mutiny and Sepoy
Rebellion 
1858 British Raj begins 
 The British Rule
The war of 1857 had ended in disaster. The glorious
Mughal Empire was liquidated and the British rule was
established over the whole of sub-continent.
The British had put the entire responsibility on the
Muslims and, therefore took severe action against the
Muslims to eliminate them from the society.
Every action which the British took affected the Muslims
directly or indirectly. All high Government positions were
reserved for the Hindu and Non Muslims.
Since the social position of Muslims heavily depended on
their government employment, this measure clearly
affected the economic and social position of the Muslims.
 Cont…
The Muslims would have been scraped totally from the
society as a result of continued and systematic policy of
elimination by the British government, when some
dedicated leaders and reformers appeared on the scene to
pull the Muslims out of this disastrous situation of social
elimination.
These prominent leaders which included Sir Syed Ahmad
Khan, launched vigorous movements for the Muslim revival.
They began their endeavours by initiating their movements
for educational uplift of the Muslims as they believed that
ignorance was the main hurdle in the Muslim renaissance.
 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
In the darkest hour of their life in India, the Muslim community
produced a great and a courageous leader in the person of Sir Syed
Ahmad Khan.

He saw the horrible state into which the Muslims had fallen and the
long and the difficult journey they had to undertake for their
rehabilitation.

He came forward to guide the Muslims who were destined to be

ruined and eliminated from the Indian society as a result of Hindu
and British domination.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan awakened the Muslims to animate their

dormant spirit in order to put up a resolute struggle for the revival of
their past position of eminence.
 Cont…
 Sir Syed received education in Holy Qur’an, Arabic and Persian literature. He
also acquired excellence in History, Mathematics and Medicine.

 His mother was a very wise lady who trained him in various subjects. With
the guidance he received in his family, he developed a profound love for
learning which enabled him to guide his people in the intellectual and
political fields.

 Since British had held the Muslims responsible for the war of independence,
they adopted a cruel policy to punish them for their role in the war. Hindus
and other nations, who were equally responsible for the war, were let off and
no revengeful action was taken against them.

 Hence, their social, economic and political conditions deteriorated. They lost
their previous power, glory and distinction as a nation. Their propertied were
confiscated and their jobs withdrawn.
 Aligarh Movement
 Sir Syed always felt grieved over the deplorable social and
economic condition of the Muslims of India. He desired to see
them at a respectable position in society and decided to guide
them in their struggle for the revival of their past position of glory.
 The services which Sir Syed Ahmad Khan rendered for the
Muslims renaissance are known in the history as the Aligarh
Movement.
 Aligarh movement was aimed at apprising the British that
Muslims only are not responsible for the War and therefore undue
wrath should not be inflicted to them.
 It was also to persuade the Muslims to get modern education and
exhibit moderate out look in every sphere of life.
 Cont…
Causes of Aligarh Movement

 British Hostility

 Hindu Ascendancy

 Muslim Antipathy
 Cont…
Realization by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan had two pronged policy:

 To apprise the British that the Muslims are not
disloyal to them and only the Muslims are not
responsible for the war.
 To bring acute change in Muslims’ out look by
learning English and getting modern education.
 Cont…
Biography of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
 Born on17 October 1817 in Delhi
 Father’s name was Mir Muttaqi
 Mother’s name was Aziz-un-Nisaa’
 Got his early education there
 Assistant Clerk with East Indian Company in1838
 Awarded LLD Award by the University of Edinburg
 Inducted as Sub Judge and served for 20 Years
 Died on 27 Mar 1898.
 Cont…
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wrote the following books:

 The Causes of Indian Revolt

(Asbaab e Baghaawat e Hind)
 Essays on the Life of Muhammad (SAWS)
 Commentary on the Holy Qur’an
 Ahkaam e Ta’aam e Ahl e Kitaab
 Aasaar us Sanaadeed
 Indian Musalmaans
 Loyal Muhammadans of India
 Tahzeeb ul Akhlaaq (Magazine)
 Cont…
He Established Educational Institutions:

 School at Muradabad in 1858
 School at Ghazipur in1863
 Aligarh School in 1875
 Aligarh College in 1877
(Later on Aligarh University in 1920)
 Organized All India Muhammdan Educational Conference in
1886.
 Established Scientific Society
 Laid Foundations of Two Nation Theory.
 Meaning of Word `IDEOLOGY`

Science of Ideas.

The study of the origin.

Evolution and nature of idea.

(Antoine Destul De Tracy)
A French Philosopher
 Definitions of Ideology

1. “An ideology is a form of social or political

philosophy in which practical elements are as
prominent as theoretical ones; it is a system of ideas
that aspires both to explain the world and to change
it”.
2. “Ideology is a system of beliefs that explains and
justifies a preferred political orders, either
existing or proposed and offers a strategy
(instructions, processes, programme) for its attainment”.
3. “An ideology offers an interpretation of the past,
an explanation of the present and a vision for
future”.
4. “Ideology is a different form of comprehensive moral
beliefs about man, society and the universe. It is
understood as a way of thinking about the cultural and
social programme of a political movement launched to
emancipate suppressed group from the exploitation of
more dominate social class”.

5. “An ideology emerges when people feel strongly that

they are being mistreated under an existing order, when
their status is threatened by fundamental changes
occurring in the society, and when the prevailing ideology
no longer satisfies them”.
 THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

Ideology of Pakistan based on the Two Nation Theory

which up holds that Hindus and Muslims are two separate
and distinct nations having their own culture, civilization,
literature, religion, and way of life, Muslims cannot
merged with any other nation because their philosophy of
life is based upon the principles of Islam.
 Factors which Led to separation from Hindus
and the Ideology of Pakistan

 Coming of Forces of Islam.

 Socio-Cultural Differences.
 Treatment of Hindus with Muslims.
 Attitude of British.
 Concept of Two Nations Theory.
 Views of Allaama Iqbal on the
Ideology of Pakistan

“I am fully convinced that the Muslims of India will

ultimately have to establish a separate homeland as
they cannot live with Hindus in the United India”.

“India is a continent of human beings belonging to

different languages and professing different religions. To
base a constitution on the conception of homogenous
India is to prepare her for civil war. I, therefore, demand
the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best
interest of Muslims of India and Islam”.
 The Allahabad Address of
Allama Muhammad Iqbal

 “I have been a staunch advocate of putting an end

to religious prejudices and distinctions from the
country. But now I believe that the protection of
separate nation is in the best interest of both
Hindus and Muslims”.
 “I would like to see the Muslim majority areas i.e.
Punjab, NWFP, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated
in the single state, a self- government within the
British Empire, or without the British Empire”.
 Presidential Address of Quaid e Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah - March 1940

Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah said:

“We wish our people to develop to the fullest,
our spiritual, cultural, economic, social and
political life, in a way, that we think best and
in consonance with
our own ideals and according to the genius of
our people”.