The Establishment of Pakistan

Pakistan studies Oxford book by M.R Kazimi

Initial difficulties of Pakistan

 Early Problems
• On Independence, Pakistan was without any
infrastructure to set up a new state.
• It established its capital at Karachi.
• No office, no building, no stationary, People
sat under trees.
• Lord Mountbatten described Karachi as a
‘tent” compared to the splendour of New
Delhi.
 Riots and Refugees
• The partition of India was accompanied by
widespread riots throughout the
Subcontinent.
• Boundary Award delayed
• Riots were started by the Sikhs and RSS
(Rashtriya swam Sewak Sangh)
 Division of assets
Role of Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, The
British Commader in-Chief of India.

Division of Military and armed forces.

Division of Financial assets

Pakistan had been denied its share of military
and financial assets.
 The kashmir war
• The government of India made the plea that it
entered kashimir because the Maharaja had
signed and Instrument of Accession to India.
 The Indus Water Dispute
• The Indus Water dispute had its origin in the
Redcliff Awards.
• Unjust Redcliff award (It gave India The
Ferozpur Headworks that controlled the Sutlaj
river as well as the Madopur Hedworks
controlling the River Ravi.
• The Indian Government cut off the flow of
canal water to Pakistan.
• Signed Indus basin treaty in 1960 resolved by
World bank.

• Violation of IBT by India several times.

• India is continuing with its Baghlihar project
despite Pakistan’s protests.
 The demise of Quaid-i-Azam
• One of the greatest setbacks to Pakistan in its
early days was the death of Quaid-i-Azam,
barely 13 months after Independence.
 Settlement of Refugees
At least 10-12 million people were displayed
and as many as one million were killed in the
violence.
The region of Kashmir and Punjab were worst
affected by partition and these areas remain a
deep source of tension today.