WOOD BY JUNAID AMIR

WOOD
• The hard fibrous material that
forms the main substance of the
trunk or branches of a tree or
shrub, used for fuel or timber.
• TYPES OF WOOD:
• Softwood
• Hardwood
• Engineered wood.
DIFFERENCE:
SOFTWOOD
• Less expensive
• Better fire resistance
• Wood ware , furniture and finishes.
• Light in color.
• Strength in tension but weak in
sheer
• Lighter in weight.
• Common examples of softwood:
pine, fir, spruce, larch and cedar.
HARDWOOD
• More expensive.
• Poor fire resistance.
• Flooring , Furniture.
• Dark in color.
• Strength in compression and tension.
• Heavy in weight
• Examples of hardwood trees include
mahogany, maple, oak, teak, and
walnut.
ENGINEERED WOOD:
• This is also called man made wood.

• TYPES:
• Plywood

• Chipboard
• Medium - Density Fibreboard (MDF)

• Blockboard
TIMBER
• Type of wood in the form of lodges. Timber is a type of wood which has
been processed into beams and planks.
• USES:
• As a Fuel Source.
• Construction Materials.
• Furniture.
• Timber Beams.
• Paper and Pulp. 
• Lumber is a type of wood that has been processed
into beams and planks.
• TYPES OF TIMBER AND LUMBER:
• Bamboo:
• Bamboo is a natural organic material
•  Most timber producing bamboos are from South Asia.
• The color of bamboo timber is pale yellow to almost gold.
• It is an industrial material also identified as the most
promising building material.
• Bamboo timber is an alternative to tropical hardwoods in
recent years.
ADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO

• They are easily renewable.

• Bamboo timber has a unique earthy odor while being
worked.
• Bamboo timber is energy extensive, processed and glued
up imported products.
• Strong bamboo fibers have tensile strength.
• It is highly resistant to warping and cupping in ambient
humidity.
• Bamboo timber requires little fertilizer.
• Grows initially at full width.
• Bamboo timbers are used in-veneer, paper, flute, window
blinds, fishing rods, ladders, scaffolding, carving etc
DISADVANTAGES
• Bamboo timber is a polluting material.
• Bamboo timber requires special care.
• It is susceptible to insect attack.
• Bamboo fibers tend to split and pull out
when being cross-cut.
• Bamboo timber has been reported to cause
skin irritation.
• Decay fungi are present in bamboo timber.
• The price of this timber is much higher which
exceeds the cost of domestic hardwoods
sometimes.
Birch

• Birch is a great craft-wood.

• Important source of hardwood
timber.
• Birch is of many types of like-yellow
birch, white birch etc.
• Yellow birch is commonly used which
is also known as gray birch, or swamp
birch.
• It is light reddish brown color.
• Birch gives low natural luster.
ADVANTAGES
• Birch is long-lasting.
• It is usually heavy, hard and strong.
• It is always easy to work with a birch and glues and it
finishes well.
• Birch gives widely ranging appearances.
• Birch is suitable for high-quality furniture. Birch has great
durability.
• Birch is used for creating strong plywood.
• Birch is waterproof.
• Birch can easily support a large structure.
• It is used in- boxes, crates, skateboards, furniture, and
other wood items.
• Birch gives wavy fine texture.
 DISADVANTAGES
• Birch is perishable, readily rot and
decay.
• Birch is susceptible to insect attack.
• Birch is reported as “sensitizer”
which includes respiratory irritation.
• Birch is slow-growing.
• Birch is harder than other
hardwoods.
Cedar

• Cedar is a timber of high quality.

• It comes from several different
trees known as cedars.
• It is used in for-landscape, park,
garden structure.
• Its moderate strength and
softness make it unique.
• Cedar offers the advantage of the
natural advantage. Basically, it is a
workable material.
ADVANTAGES
• It is weather resistant.
• Cedar gives a natural wood look.
• Cedar is light in weight.
• It works easily.
• It is dimensionally stable.
• Cedar has long-time durability.
• Cedar has exceptional resistance to insects and
decay.
• It is smooth to the touch.
• Cedar helps to reduce noise in specific areas.
• It is sustainable.
• It is used in-cladding, decking, roofing, fencing
DISADVANTAGES
• Cedar dust may be irritant.
• Cedar has low strength.
• Cedar can cause splintering
during some operations.
Cherry
• Cherry timber is grown as a tree
plantation timber.
• In cherry timber, the grain is
generally straight.
• It is a hardwood.
• It has medium density and
moderately durable.
• Used for small pieces of
furniture's-veneers, handles,
cabinets, scientific instruments etc.
ADVANTAGES
• Cherry timber is firm and strong.
• It has a fine and uniform texture.
• Cherry timber is easy to machine, nail, and
glue.
• It is an excellent timber for turning and
carving.
• It has low stiffness.
• Cherry timber is shock resistance.
• Used for high-end applications like
furniture, cabinet making.
• Boat making and musical instruments.
DISADVANTAGES
• It is highly prized.
• Cherry timber is sensitive to UV.
• It can tear on cross-grain.
• Cherry timber doesn’t have a
grand dimension.
• If stained, it gives blotchy results.
• The sawdust of cherry timber has
been associated with respiratory
effects such as wheezing.
 Mahogany
• Mahogany is a high-quality timber.
• It is grown commercially almost in every
continent.
• Mahogany is widely used in the furniture and
cabinet building industry.
• It is made into plywoods and all kinds of trim.
• It is moderate natural luster.
• The color of mahogany timber darkens with
age.
• The texture is medium and uniform.
• The price of this timber is in mid-range.
ADVANTAGES
• Mahogany timber is very stable.
• It is resistant to termites.
• It is very easy to work with tools in mahogany timber.
• It cuts and machines easily.
• It turns glues, stains, and finishes well.
• It can bend without splintering or shattering.
• It possesses a slightly flexible quality.
• Mahogany timber can resist warping and twist for
many years.
• It is long lasting, strong and beautiful.
• Mahogany timber is used for-veneers, musicals
instruments, carving etc
DISADVANTAGES
• When mahogany timber gets in touch
with water, a strong mahogany color
comes up.
• Slight dulling of cutters can occur in
this timber.
• Mahogany timber includes respiratory
irritation in eye, skin which includes
boil, nausea, dizziness, asthma type
symptoms etc.
• It is vulnerable.
Oak

• Oak timber is a type of hardwood

from the oak tree.
• It is used for light construction most of
the time.
• Oak timber is used for home ware,
wine barrels, firewood etc
ADVANTAGES
• Oak timber is exceedingly strong.
• It is durable.
• It has a long living nature.
• Oak timber is used for cladding.
• Oak timber is resistant to fungal attack.
• It takes glues, nails, and screws well.
• It is lighter in weight.
• It is workable with machine
DISADVANTAGES
• Oak timber is heavy.
• It is hard.
• It has low-moisture content.
• Oak timber is unsuitable for external
use.
• It is difficult for oak timber to treat
acid content.
• Oak timber reacts with iron,
galvanized or copper nails
Walnut

• Walnut is a premium timber.

• It is a specialist hardwood.
• It carries a lot of design for the
interior.
• It has moderate natural luster.
• Walnut timber is moderately
durable.
• It is medium density.
ADVANTAGES
• Walnut gives vivid highlight to the grain.
• It works well with machine and hand
tools.
• Walnut timber is good for turning and
carving.
• It stains and finishes well.
• Walnut timber responds well to steam
bending.
• It has a good dimensional stability.
• It is shocking resistant.
• It has low stiffness.
DISADVANTAGES
• It includes eye and skin
irritation.
• Walnut timber is high in the
prices for a domestic species.
• It has a faint, mild odor while
being worked.
• Walnut timber has difficulty
to treat acid contents.
• It is not termite resistant.
Fir
• Fir is one of the world’s best-known
timber species.
• It is a premier building product for a
wide range of applications
• It is a softwood species.
• Fir has a very straight grain.
• Fir has become the standard woods
of choice for timber framing.
• Fir timber is used tin-housing,
framing, flooring, lining fascias,
bargeboards, and pergolas
ADVANTAGES
• Fir timber ranges in color.
• Fir machines and turns well.
• Fir is moderately durable.
• It Is moderately resistant to decay.
• Fir timber has a low shock
resistance.
• It has a good strength.
• Fir can be satisfactorily bonded
using the standard procedure
DISADVANTAGES
• Fir timber lacks tensile
strength.
• It is extremely difficult to
treat.
• Fir timber is very stiff
SEASONING OF TIMBER
• Fresh timber which is obtained
from trees have about 30 to 40
percent sap or moisture. This sap
is very harmful for the life of the
timber.
• Therefore it is essential to
remove the sap by applying
certain special methods.
• All such methods are collectively
termed as seasoning of timber
TYPES OF SEASONING
Natural Seasoning
• Timber is dried by direct action of • In this type of seasoning, timber logs
wind, air and sun.
• In this process timber logs are
arranged one over the other,
keeping some distance between
them for air circulation of fresh air.
• This type of seasoning requires
few months to over a year.
Water Seasoning
are kept immersed whole in the
flowing water.
• The sap present in the timber is
washed away, after that logs are
taken out of water and are kept in
open air so that the water can be
dried up by air.
• The time Required for this seasoning
is 02-04 Weeks
ARTIFICIAL SEASONING
KILN SEASONING
• Under this process timber is
placed in a chamber with some
special heating arrangement.
• It is important to keep heating
system in control otherwise
timber will crack or wrap.
• The time Required for this
seasoning s 3-12 days
CHEMICAL SEASONING
• Under this process Carbon
dioxide, ammonium carbonate or
urea are used as an agents for
seasoning.
• In this process inner surface of
timber dries First than the outer
side.
• The time Required for this
seasoning s 30-40 days.
ELECTRIC SEASONING

• In this type of seasoning,

electric current is passed
through the timber Logs.
The time Required for this
seasoning s 05-08 Hours.
ADVANTAGES OF SEASONED TIMBER

• It has reduced weight

• Strong and durable
• Resistance to decay
and rot
• Takes high polish
• Easier to work with
• Lasts longer
DEFECTS IN TIMBER
• STRENGTH REDUCTION
• LOWERING OF DURABLITY
• LOWERING OF UTILITY
• POOR APPERANCE
• DECAY
• CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES:
Defects in timber are caused due to
• Natural forces (Burls,upsets,ring barls,twisted fibre,chemical stain)
• Insects (Termites,Marine Boares,Beetles)
• Fungi
• Conversion (Torn Grain,Wane Diagonal Grain Chip Mark)
• Seasoning (Cup,Bow,Twist,SpringSplit,Honey Combing)
PRESERVATIVES
• Coal tar (Coal tar is heated and obtained liquid hot tar is applied on timber surface using brush. So, it
is used for door frames, window frames etc.)
• ASCU (available in powder form. It is dissolved in water to get preservative solution. The final
solution is applied on timber by spraying. This solution does not contain any odor. It is useful mainly
to get rid of from white ants.)
• Chemical slats (Chemical salts like copper sulphate, mercury chloride and zinc chloride are used as
preservative which can be dissolved in water to get liquid solution)
• Oil paints
• Solignum paints
• Creosote oil (Creosote oil is prepared by the distillation of tar. Firstly, the timber is well seasoned and
dried. Then, it is placed in airtight chamber and inside air is pumped out. Finally creosote oil is
pumped into the chamber with high pressure about 0.7 to 1 N/mm 2 at a temperature of 50oC.
• After allowing it for 2 hours, the timber absorbs creosote oil sufficiently and taken out from the
chamber.