METHOD OF INSTRUCTION

(MOI)
Presented by: ILT LUISITO S MONTEMAYOR (INF) PA

REFERENCES: US Army Field Manual

British Army Field Manual (GS Training Publication 1637,
WO Code Nr 8162)
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. To provide you with the principles of and

practice of good instruction.

2. To supplement practical experience and

courses of instruction.
 SCOPE

I. Definition of Terms
II. Fundamentals of Instruction
III. Types of Presentation
IV. Five stages of Instruction
Objective
Preparation
Transmission
Reception
Assimilation
 DEFINITION

ASSIMILATION – the understanding and remembering of

knowledge.

INSTRUCTION – is the art of getting someone to learn

something he/she didn’t know before.

KNOWLEDGE – the understanding and remembering of

facts. Knowledge concerns storage in the mind only. Applied
knowledge is a technique.

METHOD OF INSTRUCTION (MOI) – is the way of getting

him/her to learn it. The speed and success of learning
depend upon the MOI.
 DEFINITION
MOTIVATION – a man is motivated when he wants to do something.
A motive is not quite the same as an incentive, for whereas a man is
inspired and made enthusiastic by an incentive; his motive for
wanting to do something may be a fear of punishment. Motivation
covers all the reasons which underlie the way in which a person acts.

RECEPTION – the actual process of receiving new learning. It may

be received through the ear by hearing, through the eye by watching
or through the body by imitating, or through any combination of the
three. A man will only receive learning if he wants to do so.

SELF-DEVELOPMENT – the quality of self-development or the full

expression of a man’s personality. A well-developed personality will
have the following: INITIATIVE, IMAGINATION, ADAPTABILITY,
ALERTNESS, CHEERFULNESS, and MATURITY.
 DEFINITION
SKILL – is a physical act, usually almost instinctive. When a
movement of the body is not instinctive but needs constant thought, it
is a technique.

TECHNIQUE – a way of thinking or behaving. An application of

knowledge, or skill, or both.

TRANSMISSION – the act of passing knowledge or a skill from the

instructor to the class. Transmission may be effected by talking or
showing.

WILL-POWER – the qualities which center around a man’s will-

power, but this quality does not mean will-power alone, and should
not be thought of as such. It includes the following; COURAGE,
TOUGHNESS, PERSEVERANCE, DISCIPLINE, SENSE OF DUTY,
and RESPONSIBILITY.
 Learning is a continuing process.

The art of war is itself is not static; science invents new

weapons, new weapons call for new methods of warfare, and
new methods of warfare result in new minor tactics.

Until our last day in the military service we will spend the
majority of our life in the Army in learning and practicing to be
an efficient and up-to-date soldier.

No matter how good our equipment, how brilliant our

strategy, how excellent our commander, the success or
failure of an army will depend largely on the legacy of months
of training, and the training, in turn, will depend upon the
Method of Instruction (MOI)..

.
MOI itself is not a subject that can be learned
overnight, it requires constant practice and actual
application with the trainees/students.

Every instructor can make his/her own contributions

towards new and better MOI.
 Fundamentals of Instruction

The fundamental elements of an instructional

situation are:
The students
The instructors
The learning process

Characteristics common to most students:

Students are mature.
They are eager to learn what they have not learned
before.
Interested in practical applications/exercises.
Quick to appreciate the subject and the instructor.
Students vary in their physical characteristics.
 Fundamentals of Instruction

Qualification of a good instructor:

Knowledge of the subject.

Knowledge and techniques of instruction.
Personality of the instructor.
Leadership
Professional attitude.
 Types of Presentation

LECTURE METHOD – is a method of instruction, which depends primarily

upon speech and illustration to achieve effect. It is one of the
fastest but not the best method of imparting classroom
instruction. The minimum equipment required are
chalkboard/whiteboard, overhead projector/laptop, and other
visual aids.

CONFERENCE METHOD – it is the combination of teaching, practice, and

confirmation type of instruction that gives the students the
opportunity to participate directly by asking questions and
answering questions.

DEMONSTRATION METHOD – the basic method of presenting a new

skill to learner. It is simply the process of showing the learner
how a particular thing should be done.

PRACTICAL EXERCISE – combination of a brief theory lesson followed by

the actual performance of the trainees of the newly acquired
skills.
 Five (5) Stages of Instruction

OBJECTIVE
PREPARATION
TRANSMISSION
RECEPTION
ASSIMILATION

Remember: OPTRA
 OBJECTIVE

Before deciding the objective of your

lesson/instruction, stand back and review it from a
distance. Ask yourself:

Is it PRACTICAL?
Is it USEFUL?
Does it CONTRIBUTE towards the main
objective of all training?
 OBJECTIVE
Example of generalized and vague training objectives:

• To provide the students/trainees a general ideas

about tank-infantry in the offensive operations.
• To provide the students/trainees a bit of revision on
the LMG.

Example of clearly defined objectives:

• To provide the students the principles of combined

arms tactics of tank company and infantry platoon in
the attack.
• To teach the students on how to test-load, sight-
setting, and aim the LMG until they are up to the
standard.
 DEVELOPMENT OF CHARACTER
The main purpose of training is to fit the
soldier in mind, body, and
CHARACTER.

Our great warriors qualities fall into 2

groups:

WILL-POWER or W qualities
SELF-DEVELOPMENT or S qualities
 WILL-POWER
(W qualities)
Determination, perseverance, toughness, and courage.

In a well-balanced man, these qualities will ensure self-discipline

that will breed the sense of duty, service and loyalty and an
outlook of responsibility.

The most obvious way of training up a man’s W is by drill,

forced marches, assault courses, and all forms of
endurance training which a man is physically and
mentally “up against it” and succeeds in winning through.
 SELF-DEVELOPMENT
(S qualities)
Self-development or S qualities include initiative,
imagination, adaptability, alertness, a mature
outlook, and a steady cheerful disposition.

The S qualities are developed by making the soldier

think and act for him/herself; in other words, by
encouraging him/her to make the most of his/her
personality. .

S qualities cannot be developed unless a man is

happy, and he/she will not be happy unless
he/she is well-adjusted.
 PREPARATION

It is most important to consider your lesson from the point of view of

the class and not from the instructor.

How can the students/trainees be kept mentally active?

How much of the lesson can they reason out for themselves?
What will they find interesting?
What will their difficulties?
 PREPARATION

In selecting the subject matter to be taught, there are three

likely options;

First: The subject matter may be already selected for you

(with instructional package (IP)).

Second: All necessary subject matter may be collected for

you but not laid out in lessons (some items to be taught not
yet included in the IP).

Third: The subject matter may have to be collected from

many sources, perhaps from several field manuals/books or
from your own battle experience (no prepared IP).
 PREPARATION

No reference material exists which will stand

a word-for-word presentation. It needs a careful
study to decide how you, with your particular
abilities, can best teach the matter.

When you have to select the matter yourself,

you will find it is more a question of what to
exclude rather than what to include.
(see diagram)
 PREPARATION

In gauging the time necessary to teach each item, you

must consider the standard of the class.
Ask yourself two questions:

How much do the students know already?

How fast can they learn?
 PREPARATION
After deciding WHAT to teach and HOW MUCH the
class can take in, WHAT METHOD you are going to
use to put the lesson across?

It depends which method will suit to your subject

best. As a golden rule use the maximum sense of
appeal or to teach through many of the senses as
possible at the same time. There are five senses,
namely; TOUCHING, SEEING, HEARING,
SMELLING, and TASTING.
 PREPARATION
A SKILL is a physical act (usually almost instinctive), such as riding a
bicycle or pressing a trigger.

KNOWLEDGE is a matter of understanding and remembering facts, such

as principles of war or theory of gunnery.

A TECHNIQUE is a way of thinking and behaving based on knowledge and

often on skills as well, such as tactics, management, leadership, etc.

Most skills are only learned when they become instinctive habit which will
be performed by the body without conscious effort of thinking. They
can only be learned by practice; no one ever learned to ride a bicycle
by listening to the lectures.
KNOWLEDGE ca be learned in many ways, e.g. by experience, by trial and
error, by studying a book, by listening to lectures or by seeing films.
TECHNIQUES may have to be studied first, but they too have to be
practiced before they can be learned.
 PREPARATION
A SKILL – 105mm Howitzer: Loading, unloading,
aiming, firing, and maintaining the gun in
action.

A KNOWLEDGE- learn the performance of the

105mm howitzer, the tactical employment and
the theory of fire .

A TECHNIQUE- combining both skill and

knowledge in handling the 105mm Howitzer on
a tactical exercise.
 TRANSMISSION
The good instructor combines the best qualities of a salesman, a football
coach, a production manager, a school teacher, as father, a soldier and a
friend.

Here are the qualities of a good instructor:

Must be PURPOSEFUL. The instructor must have a clear view of his

objective; he/she must be definite, able to balance time against
achievement (lesson to suit the class and not the clock)

Must KNOW HIS SUBJECT MATTER. The instructor’s standard must

be well above of the class. In giving any demonstration, he/she
must be a high example of skill.
 TRANSMISSION

Must be ENTHUSIASTIC. Teaching is a vocation. The

instructor must be interested to teach his/her lesson to the
class, Enthusiasm must be coupled with intelligence and
humor, otherwise the enthusiast becomes boring.

Must have DRAMATIC SENSE. The instructor must

understand the relation of the dramatic sense to good
instruction. This will be apparent in his/her sense of
audience and sense of timing, by his/her use of variety,
surprise, emotional and dramatic appeal to drive home
his/her points, and by his/her ability to put across a good
humor.
 TRANSMISSION
Must have PLEASING MANNER. By the word “manner” we
mean the instructor’s way of speaking, moving, and
gesturing during the lesson. But these must not distract the
attention of the class towards learning. Some instructors
are like in the flowery orator during teaching. His/her job is
to speak plain words to plain men.

Must have the right ATTITUDE to the class. The instructor’s

attitude to his/her class must be fair, firm and friendly (not
very lax, open to favoritism and sarcastic). He/she must set
example of military bearing and personal integrity. At the
same time must be approachable and sympathetic.
 TRANSMISSION
Staging and Presentation

From the moment the instructor steps in front of the class until
he/she dismisses them, he/she must regard his/her lesson as a
“performance” in the stage.

The rule of thumb is “The instructor must be seen and heard”.

In outdoor teaching, the instructor must consider the wind direction

and sun position.
A rehearsal must be conducted prior to teaching, if possible with the
presence of well experienced instructors, to run the presentation
without any hitch.
 TRANSMISSION

One way of ensuring interest is by introducing drama, variety, and

surprise into the presentation of your lessons.

• Variety is achieved by any change of MOI to break monotony that

may lead to boredom.

• Surprise is a method of forcibly awakening students’ attention, but

this is a last resort.

• Dramatic and visual presentation can teach a point as no amount

of talking can ever hope to do (e.g. 2-minute role play).
 TRANSMISSION
When using the white board or blackboard, observe the following:

If you are right-handed, have the board placed on your left hand
side.

When you are going to write on the board, STOP TALKING.

After writing on the board, stand clear and carry on talking.

If you are a poor performer to draw a diagram on the board during

the lecture, try to prepare it before the period.
 TRANSMISSION
Teaching Manner:

When looking majority of the class, look above their heads.

If asking a question, you must look at individuals through their eyes.

Speak SLOWLY.

Don’t be afraid to PAUSE, if you are stuck for a word.

Use EMPHASIS to avoid monotony.

Avoid MANNERISM which will distract the class’ attention (e.g. scratching
your head, breaking a piece of chalk).

Never BLUFF. If you don’t know the answer to a question, admit it and
promise to find information before the next period.
 RECEPTION
The process of making a man want to learn is through
MOTIVATION. Learning is a voluntary process. To want
to learn is to be motivated.

Interest and attention through motivation are basic to

learning.

What are the things that make students’ interest and

attention to learning?

CURIOSITY, REALISM, PURPOSE, REWARD AND

PUNISHMENT, COMPETITION, CLASS ACTIVITY and
COMFORT.
 ASSIMILATION

The process of learning and remembering.

Assimilation implies that superficial learning is not enough;

learning must be retained if it is to be of value.

In the military, what we have learned must be kept clear in our

mind, ready for instant use when required.
ANY QUESTIONS?