Gerund

developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time

became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal
character. It is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem
of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I.
 Double nature
The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as
follows:
• can perform the function of subject, object and predicative
They say smoking leads to meditation. (SUBJECT)
I like making people happy. (OBJECT)
The duty of all progressive mankind is fighting for peace. (PREDICATIVE)
• The gerund can be preceded by a preposition
I am very, very tired of rowing.
• Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the
possessive case or by a possessive pronoun.
"I wonder at Jolyon's allowing this engagement," «Меня удивляет, что Джоон допустил
эту помолвку»,
Is there any objection to my seeing her?— Кто- нибудь возражает против того, чтобы я
повидался с ней?
 Double nature of the gerund
The verbal characteristics of the gerund are the
same as those of the participle:
• The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct
object.
I had now made a good progress in
understanding and speaking their language.
• The gerund can be modified by an adverb
She burst out crying bitterly.
 The Forms of the gerund

Active Passive

Indefinite writing being wrtten

Perfect having written having been written

 Rendering in Russian
by a noun
Dancing had not begun yet...— Танцы еще не начались.
by an infinitive
She had tea with Cipriano before leaving. - Перед тем как уйти, она выпила чаю с
Чиприано. It is no good hiding our heads under our wings. - Бесполезно прятать
голову под крыло.
by деепричастие
And without waiting for her answer he turned aid left us.— И, не дожидаясь ее ответа,
он повернулся и вышел.
On seeing Bella he stopped, beckoned her to him, and drew her arm through his.—
Увидев Беллу, он остановился подозвал ее к себе и взял под руку.
• by a subordinate clause
• Не regretted now having come. — Теперь он сожалел, что пришел.
• After having been informed of the conference in my lady's room... he immediately
decided on waiting to hear the news from Frizinghall. — После того, как ему
сообщили о со­вещании в комнате миледи..., он сразу решил подождать, чтобы
узнать новости из Фризингхолла.
 The tense distinctions of the gerund
• The Indefinite Gerund Active and Passive denotes an action
simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb;
depending on the tense form of the finite verb it may refer to the
present, past, or future.

He can swim for any number of hours without tiring. - Он может

плыть много часов подряд, не уставая.
Gwendolen will not rest without having the world at her feet- (Eliot) —
Гвендолен не успокоится, пока весь мир не будет у ее ног.
No one could pass in or out without being seen. (Dick­ens) — Никто не
мог ни войти, ни выйти так, чтобы его не видели.
 The tense distinctions of the gerund

• The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to

that of the finite verb.
She denies having spoken with him. — Она
отрицает, что говорила с ним.
Не was ashamed of having shown even the
slightest irritation.— Ему было стыдно, что
он проявил раздражение, хотя и очень
слабое.
 The tense distinctions of the gerund
• Indefinite Gerund can express a prior action after the verbs
to remember; to excuse, to forgive, to thank and after the
prepositions on (upon), after and without.
I don't remember hearing the legend before.— Я не помню,
чтобы я когда-нибудь слышала эту легенду. You must
excuse my not answering you before.— Вы должны
извинить меня за то, что я не ответил вам раньше.
I thank you for restraining me just now.— Я благодарен
вам за то, что вы сейчас помогли мне сдер­жаться.
On leaving the house we directed our steps to the nearest
shade.— Выйдя из дома, мы направились в тень.
 The voice distinctions
• The gerund has special forms for the active and the passive
voice
He liked neither reading aloud nor being read aloud to— Он не
любил ни читать вслух, ни слушать чте­ние.
• After the verbs to want, to need, to deserve, to require and the
adjective worth the gerund is used in the active form, though
it is passive in meaning.
"The slums want attending to, no doubt," he said. - «Без
сомнения, трущобами надо заняться», — сказал он.
Не realized that his room needed painting. — Он понял, что его
комнату надо покрасить.
The child deserves praising. — Ребенок заслуживает того,
чтобы его похвалили.
They were not worth saving.— Их не стоило спасать.
 Predicative constructions with the gerund
The gerund can form predicative constructions, i. e. constructions in which the
verbal element expressed by the gerund is in relation to the nominal
element expressed by a noun or pronoun.
• I understand you wanting a change
• I understand your wanting a change
• I understand John wanting a change
• I understand John’s wanting a change

Here the gerund wanting is in relation to the pronoun your, you, to the noun
John, which denote the doer of the action expressed by the gerund.
 Predicative constructions with the gerund
The nominal element of the construction can be expressed in different ways, it may be
expressed:
• by a noun in the genitive case,
His further consideration of the point was prevented by Richard's coming back— Его
дальнейшие размышления были прерваны тем, что вернулся Ричар.

• by a noun in the common case,

His further consideration of the point was prevented by Richard coming back— Его
дальней­шие размышления были прерваны тем, что вернулся Ричар.

• by a possessive pronoun
Do you mind ту smoking? (Hardy) — Вы ничего не имеете против того, чтобы я
курил?

• pronoun in the common case

Do you mind тe smoking? (Hardy) — Вы ничего не имеете против того, чтобы я
курил?
 The use of the gerund
• With the following verbs and verbal propositions
used with proposition:
to accuse of,
to agree to,
to approve of,
to complain of,
to depend on,
to feel like,
to insist on,
to look like,
to object to,
to persist in,
to prevent from
and some others.
 The use of the gerund
• With the verbs and verbal phrases:
to avoid, to deny, to enjoy, to excuse, to fancy (in imperative sentences
as an exclamation of surprise), to finish, to forgive, consider,
continue, mention, mind, postpone, recall, suggest, tolerate, resist,
anticipate,

• After like, dislike, hate, prefer, love to express general preferences

• With the following predicative word-groups (with or without a
preposition):
to be aware of, to be busy in, to be capable of, to be fond of, to be
guilty of, to be indignant at, to be pleased (displeased) at, to be
proud of, to be sure of, to be surprised (astonished) at, to be worth
(while), and some others.  
 
 The functions of the gerund in the sentence
• 1. The gerund as a subject.
Talking mends no holes, (proverb) — Разговоры не
помогают в беде
It's no use talking like that to me (Shaw) —
Бесполезно говорить со мной в таком тоне.
• 2. The gerund as a predicative.
• The only remedy for such a headache is going to
bed.
 The functions of the gerund in the sentence

• 3. The gerund as part of a compound verbal predicate.

– With verbs and verbal phrases denoting modality the gerund forms part
of a compound verbal modal predicate.
• We intend going to Switzerland, and climbing Mount Blanc.—
Мы хотим поехать в Швейцарию и подняться на Монблан.
• Joseph could not help admiring the man.— Джозеф не мог не
восхищаться этим человеком.

– With verbs denoting the beginning, the duration, or the end of an

action, the gerund forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate.
• In the night it started raining. (Hemingway)
• Bathsheba continued walking. (Hardy)
 The functions of the gerund in the sentence

• 4.The gerund as an object.

• The gerund may be used as a direct object and as a
prepositional indirect object.
I simply love riding. (DIRECT OBJECT) — Я прост о
обожаю кататься верхом.
Charlie did not succeed in taking things easily (INDIRECT
OBJECT)
Perhaps you wouldn't mind Richard's coming in?
(Dickens) (COMPLEX OBJECT) — Может быть, вы не
будете возражать против того, чтобы вошел Ричард?
The functions of the gerund in the sentence

• 5.The gerund as an attribute.

In this function the gerund is always preceded by a
preposition.
Swithin protruded his pale round eyes with the
effort of hearing.— Суизин широко открыл
свои бесцветные круглые глаза, стараясь
услышать разговор.
Не was born with the gift of winning hearts.— Он
родился с даром покорять сердца.
 The functions of the gerund in the sentence

• 6. The gerund as an adverbial modifier.

–(a) As an adverbial modifier of time the gerund is
preceded by the deposition after; before, on (upon), in or
at.
After leaving her umbrella in the hall, she entered the living room..
Не was to have three days at home before going back to farm (Galsworthy) —
Он должен был пробыть три дня дома, перед чем возвратиться на
ферму.
Upon waking I found myself much recovered. (Swift) — Когда я проснулся
(проснувшись), я почувствовал себя значительно лучше.
In quitting the room he paused once more at my desk (Ch. Bronte) — Выходя
из комнаты, он еще раз остановился у моего письменного стола.
Clare turned at hearing her footsteps... (Hardy) — Услышав ее шаги, Клэр
оглянулся.
 The functions of the gerund in the sentence
• (b) As an adverbial modifier of manner the gerund is used with the
prepositions by or in.
She startled her father by bursting into tears— Она напугала своего отца
тем, что расплакалась.
The day was spent in packing — День прошел за упаковкой вещей.
• (с) As an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances the gerund is
preceded by the preposition without.
She was not brilliant, not active, but rather peaceful and statuesque without
knowing it. (Dreiser) — Это была женщина не блестящая, не
энергичная, но она была очень спокойна и величественна, сама того
не зная.
• (d) As an adverbial modifier of purpose, the gerund is chiefly used with
the preposition for.
one side of the gallery was used for dancing. (Eliot) — Одна сторона
галереи использовалась для танцев.
 The functions of the gerund in the sentence
• (e) As an adverbial modifier of condition the gerund is preceded by the
preposition without.
He has no right to come bothering you and papa without being invited.
(Shaw) — Он не имеет права приходить и беспокоить вас и отца, если
его не приглашают.
• (f) As an adverbial modifier of cause the gerund is used with the
prepositions for, for fear of, owing to.
I feel the better myself for having spent a good deal of my time abroad.
(Eliot) — Я чувствую себя лучше оттого, что долго прожил за границей.
I dared not attend the funeral for fear of making a fool of my­self. (Coppard)
— Я не смел присутствовать на похоронах, так как боялся поставить
себя в глупое положение.
• (g) As an adverbial modifier of concession the gerund is preceded by the
preposition in spite of
In spite of being busy, he did all he could to help her.