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 Taxonomy
CLO Description PLO
level
1 Discuss various survey equipment and techniques
to be used for linear and angular measurements 1
and for computing the areas of plots C2 (Engineering
Knowledge)
Ranging
 Survey Line:
The Line joining two terminal stations is called as a
Survey Line.
 Chain Line:
The line formed by stretching the
chain is called as chain line.

To make the accurate measurements b/w

two terminal station, it is mandatory to
keep the chain line parallel to the survey
line.
Survey Line

Chain Line
 Ranging in Surveying
 When a survey line is longer than a chain length,
it is necessary to establish some intermediate
points on chain line so that the measurements
are along the survey line.

 The Process of locating intermediate points on

survey line is known as ranging

Methods of ranging
1. Direct Ranging
2. Reciprocal Ranging
 Direct Ranging
 Used when the stations are intervisible
 Done by eye-judgement
 Ranging rods are erected vertically beyond each
end of survey line
 The surveyor stands 2m beyond the ranging rod
while the assistant folds the ranging rod
vertically in the intermediate stations.
 The surveyor directs the assistant to move the
rod to the left or right until the three ranging
rods appear to be in a straight line.
 A

Ranging at Long Distance & station are visible

B
 Indirect Ranging/ Reciprocal Ranging

 when ends of a line are not inter-visible due

hilly ground or stations are not clearly
inter-visible

 needs two assistants one at point M and

another at point N, where from those points
both station A and station B are visible