Fair Use Notice

The material used in this presentation i.e., pictures/graphs/text, etc. is solely

intended for educational/teaching purpose, offered free of cost to the students for
use under special circumstances of Online Education due to COVID-19 Lockdown
situation and may include copyrighted material - the use of which may not have
been specifically authorised by Copyright Owners. It’s application constitutes Fair
Use of any such copyrighted material as provided in globally accepted law of many
countries. The contents of presentations are intended only for the attendees of the
class being conducted by the presenter.
 Taxonomy
CLO Description PLO
level
1 Discuss various survey equipment and techniques
to be used for linear and angular measurements 1
and for computing the areas of plots C2 (Engineering
Knowledge)
Chain Surveying
 only linear measurement is taken in the field, no angular
measurements are taken.

 Done for small area and work.

 Locate boundary of plot / land

 Locate existing features

 Area is divided into network of triangles and sides of

triangles are measured directly with - chain or tape.

 Triangulation is the principle of chain surveying, by

dividing area into network of well conditional triangles
 (angles > 30° and < 120°) of suitable sides.
 PRINCIPLE OF CHAIN SURVEYING

 The principle of chain surveying is to divide the

area to be surveyed into a network of connected
triangles as a triangle is just a simple diagram that can
be plotted from the lengths of its sides measured in
the field.
 Instruments used for measuring distances
1. Chain
2. Tape

 Instruments used for marking survey

stations
1. Ranging rod
2. Offset rod
3. Laths and whites
4. Pegs
Instruments used for setting right angles
1. Cross staff
2. Optical square

Other instruments:
1. Arrow
2. Plumb bob
Operations in Chain Surveying

 The following operations are involved in chain

surveying.
 Chaining
 Ranging
 Offsetting

 These three operations are done

simultaneously during chain Surveying.
Main Station -D Main
Station - C

pond

BASE
LINE
S2 T2

building

S1
TIE
temple
LINE

T1
CHECK
LINE

Main MAIN SURVEY LINE Main

Station -A Station -B
 C

D
T2

CHECK LINE

BASE LINE
Distance between A & B ,m TIE LINE
S2

S1 T1 B
ranging ranging rod
rod at -A at -B

A
 Survey station :- Points at the beginning and at
the end of a main survey line or chain line.

 Main station :- Taken along boundary of an area as

control points Line joining main station are called
main survey line should cover whole survey area
denoted with letter A,B, C,D, etc.

 Subsidiary station :- Station on the main survey

line or any other survey lines. Line joining
subsidiary station are called subsidiary survey line
taken to divide area into triangles, Checking
accuracy of triangles and locating internal details.
 Tie station :- Taken on main survey line joining tie
station tie line locating internal details

 Check line :- Line joining apex point of triangle to

some fixed points on its base. Check accuracy of
triangles. Locate internal details
 Conventional
Symbols

 Different features
on the ground are
represented by
different Symbols
known as
Conventional Symbols
Conventional
Symbols