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 Taxonomy
CLO Description PLO
level
1 Discuss various survey equipment and techniques
to be used for linear and angular measurements 1
and for computing the areas of plots C2 (Engineering
Knowledge)
 Two principles of
measuring distance

1) It takes two points to form a line.

2) The shortest distance between two points is a straight line.
 Distance
In surveying, the term “distance” has two uses.

The common use is to measure the

displacement (distance) between two
or more points.

Distance can also be used to

define the dimensions of an
object
 Selecting The “Best” Method
The best distance measuring method/device to use is
influenced by many factors.
 Environment  Personal preference
 Use of the data  Topography
 Equipment available  Client specifications
 Expertise of individuals  Regulations
 Standard practice

The most important factor is the intended use of the data.

 Example-selecting best method/device
What unit of measure should be used to determine
the size of a wetland?
 Decimal feet?
 Foot?
 Miles?
 Acres?

What unit of measure should be used to

determine the size of a chemical spill?

What unit of measure should be used to record the location of a

site?
 Distance Measuring Methods /devices

1. Pacing
2. Passometer
3. Pedometer
4. Odometer
5. Speedometer
6. Perambulator
7. Judging distance
8. Time measurement
9. Chaining
10. Stadia
11. Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM)
12. Global Positioning System (GPS)
 Distance between A & B ,m

ranging ranging rod

rod at -A at -B

GROUND
There are three methods for
making linear measurement :
 Direct Methods

 Optical Methods

 E.D.M. Methods
Direct Methods without instruments

1) Judging the distance

2) Pacing

3) Time interval
2) Pacing

8
2. Passometer
Direct Methods with
instruments
1) Chain
2) Odometer
3) Passometer
4) Pedometer
5) Speedometer
 Odometer
An Odometer is a simple device which can be
attached to the wheel of a bicycle or any such
vehicle.
 The odometer registers
the number of revolution
made by the wheel.

 The distance covered is

equal to the product of
the number of
revolutions and the
perimeter of the wheel.
Passometer
 Speedometer
This is used in automobiles for measuring
distances.
 • 1.Chain -
• 1.Metric
• 2.Gunter’s
• 3.Engineer’s
• 4.Revenue
• 5.Steel band or band chain
• 2.Tapes -
• 1.Cloth of linen tape
• 2.Fibre glass
• 3.Metallic tape
• 4.Steel
Instrument used • 5.Invar tape
• 3.Arrow
• 4.Ranging rods and Offset rods
• 5.Pegs
• 6.Plumb bob
Types of Chain
Metric Chain :
It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter
known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which
consists of 100 links.

Gunter’s Chain :
A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet,
it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
I mile = 8 furlongs and 1 Furlong = 660ft.
 Types of Chain

Engineer’s Chain :
A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is
known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq. yard.

Revenue Chain :
It is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches
for smaller areas.
Chain

Engineer’s Chain
Gunter’s Chain

23
2
2
 Types of Tapes

Cloth tape or Linen Tape :

they are woven linen and varnished to resist moisture.
They are generally 10m, 20m, 30m long and 12 to 15 mm
wide.

Fiber tape :
These tapes are similar to linen and plastic coated
tapes but these are made of Glass Fiber.
These tapes don’t stretch and shrink due to temperature.
It is available in 20m, 30m and 50 m length. 25
Steel tape : It is made up with steel material and commonly
available in 20 m, 30m or 50m length.
It is graduated in m and cm.
Invar Tape : It is made of an alloy of nickel 36 % and steel 64 %
having very low thermal expansion. These are 6mm wide and
generally available in 30m, 50m and 100m.

2
6
 Ranging Rods

Plumb Bob
 Slope vs. Horizontal Distance

 Distances can be measured in two ways:

1. Horizontal distance
2. Slope (surface) distance

 The horizontal distance between two points is the distance

between those points measured on a horizontal plane.
 The slope distance between two points is a distanced measured
along the surface of the earth.
 Horizontal Distance

When horizontal distance is required,

the individual has two choices.
1. Use equipment and techniques that
record horizontal distance.

2. Record slope distance and collect the

additional information required to
calculate horizontal distance.
 Calculating Horizontal
Distance
 To calculate horizontal distance you
must know the slope distance and one
additional bit of information for each
measurement.
 You must know either one of the
following.
 % slope
 Change in elevation
 Vertical angle.
 Units of Measurements
 Linear Measurement
 One Foot = 12 inches
 One Yard = 3 ft
 One Furlong = 660 ft = 10 Gunter’s Chains
 One Statute Mile = 5280 ft = 8 Furlong = 80 Gunter’s Chain
 One Nautical Mile (in Marine Survey) = 6076 ft

 One Meter = 3.28 ft

 One Kilometre = 1000m
 One Mile = 1.61 Km
 Units of Measurements

 Angular Measurement
 Angle: direction of line wrt an other line
 Bearing : direction of line wrt meridian e.g.North

 Degrees, Minutes, Seconds

 One Degree = 60 minutes
 One Minute = 60 seconds

 Radian
 Units of Measurements
 Measurement of Area (Length * Width)
 One Sq Yard = 9 sq feet

 One Acre = 43560 Sq ft = 10 Sq Gunter’s Chain

 One Hectare = 10000 sq m

 Measurement of Volume (Length * Width*Hight)

 Cubic Feet ft3
 Cubic Meter m3