ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

UNIT V
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
AND
TWO PORT NETWORK
 Overview of Unit-V

Graph Theory: Two port Network :

 Incidence matrix formulation

 One port network
 Tie Set matrix formulation
 Impedance Parameter
 Cut Set matrix formulation
 Admittance Parameter
Frequency Response:
 Transmission line
 Resonant Frequency of circuits with L  Hybrid Parameter and
and C
 Quality Factor  Their inter- relationship
 Bandwidth-Frequency and Magnitude
scaling
 One port network
 It is easy to analyze any electrical network, if it is represented with an equivalent
model, which gives the relation between input and output variables.

 One port network is a two terminal electrical network in which, current enters through
one terminal and leaves through another terminal.

 Resistors, inductors and capacitors are the examples of one port network because each
one has two terminals.

Representation of one port network

The pair of terminals, 1 & 1’ represents a port.

 Two port network

 A two-port network is an electrical network with two separate ports for input and
output.
 In two port network current enters through one terminal and leaves through another
terminal of each port.

 Four-terminal or two-port circuits involving op amps, transistors, and transformers.

Representation of two port network

 One pair of terminals, 1 & 1’ represents one
port, which is called as port1.
 The other pair of terminals, 2 & 2’ represents
another port, which is called as port2.

 Four variables V1, V2, I1 and I2. 

 Two Port Network Parameters

 Four variables V1, V2, I1 and I2. 

 We can choose two variables as independent and another two variables as dependent.
 So, we will get six possible pairs of equations.
 These equations represent the dependent variables in terms of independent variables.
 The coefficients of independent variables are called as parameters.
 The parameters of a two port network are called as two port network parameters or
simply, two port parameters. Following are the types of two port network parameters.
 Z parameters – (Impedance Parameter)
 Y parameters – (Admittance Parameter)
 T parameters – (ABCD or Transmission Parameter)
 h-parameters – ( Hybrid Parameter)
 IMPEDANCE or Z PARAMETERS

 Impedance and admittance parameters are commonly used in the synthesis of filters.
 They are also useful in the design and analysis of impedance-matching networks and
power distribution networks.
 By considering the variables V1 & V2 as
A two-port network may be voltage-driven dependent and I1 & I2 as independent.
 The coefficients of independent variables,
I1 and I2 are called as Z parameters.
 Unit in ohms.

A two-port network may be current-driven

In matrix form
 IMPEDANCE or Z PARAMETERS

 The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting I1 = 0 (input port open-
circuited) or I2 = 0 (output port open-circuited).

z11 = Open-circuit input impedance

z12 = Open-circuit transfer impedance from port
1 to port 2
z21 = Open-circuit transfer impedance from port
2 to port 1
z22 = Open-circuit output impedance

z11 and z22 are called driving-point impedances

z21 and z12 are called transfer impedances

When z11 = z22, the two-port network is said to be

symmetrical.
 Reciprocal two port network
 When the two-port network is linear and has no dependent sources, the transfer
impedances are equal (z12 = z21), and the two-port is said to be reciprocal.
 This means that if the points of excitation and response are interchanged, the transfer
impedances remain the same.
 Interchanging a voltage source at one port with an ideal ammeter at the other port
produces the same reading in a reciprocal two-port.

V = Z12I
T-equivalent circuit
V = Z21I

Possible only if Z = Z
12 12

 Any two-port that is made General

entirely of resistors, equivalent circuit
capacitors, and inductors must
be reciprocal.
Determine the z parameters for the circuit in Fig. To find z12 and z22, we apply a voltage source V2
to the output port and leave the input port
open as in Fig. 18.8(b). Then,

Soln: Method 1:
To determine z11 and z21, we apply a voltage
source V1 to the input port and leave the output
port open as in Fig (a). Thus,
Method 2:
Alternatively, since there is no dependent source
in the given circuit, z12 = z21 and we can use Fig.
(a). Comparing Fig. with Fig. (a), we get

that is, z11 is the input impedance at port 1.

 Find I1 and I2 in the circuit in Fig.
--- 3

--- 4

Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) gives

Soln:
This is not a reciprocal network. We may
use the equivalent circuit but we can also From Eq. (4), I1 = j2(−j ) = 2. Thus
use Eq. directly. Substituting the given z
parameters into Eq.

----- 1
----- 2
Since we are looking for I1 and I2, we substitute

into Eqs. (1) and (2), which become

ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS
 The following set of two equations by considering the
To find y11 and y21 variables I1 & I2 as dependent and V1 & V2 as independent.
 The coefficients of independent variables, V1 and V2 are
called as Y parameters.

Matrix form

To find y12 and y22

 Y parameters are called as admittance parameters because

these are simply, the ratios of currents and voltages.
 Units of Y parameters are mho/ Siemens.
Short-circuit admittance parameters

we obtain y11 and y21 by connecting a current I1 to port 1 and short-circuiting port 2
y11 = Short-circuit input admittance

y21 = Short-circuit transfer admittance from port 1 to port 2

we obtain y12 and y22 by connecting a current source I2 to port 2 and short-circuiting port 1

y12 = Short-circuit transfer admittance from port 2 to port 1

y22 = Short-circuit output admittance

 The impedance and admittance parameters are collectively referred to as immittance parameters.

 For a two-port network that is linear and has no dependent sources, the transfer admittances are equal
(y12 = y21).

 -equivalent circuit (for reciprocal case only),

If the network is not reciprocal, a more general equivalent network

Obtain the y parameters for the network shown in Fig. To get y12 and y22, short-circuit the input port and
connect a current source I2 to the output port as in Fig
 To find

Soln: Method 1
To find y11 and y21, short-circuit the output port and
connect a current source I1 to the input port as in Fig.  To find
 To find By current division,

Method 2

 To find

By current division,
Determine the y parameters for the two-port shown in Fig.

Soln:

To get y11 and y21, port 2 is short-circuited and a current

At node 2,
source is applied to port 1.

At node 1,
Similarly, we get y12 and y22 using Fig. (b).

At node 2,

At node 1,

 
 Hybrid parameters

 Hybrid parameters (also known as h parameters) are known as ‘hybrid’ parameters as

they use Z parameters, Y parameters, voltage ratio, and current ratios to represent the
relationship between voltage and current in a two port network.

 H parameters are useful in describing the input-output characteristics of circuits where

it is hard to measure Z or Y parameters (such as in a transistor).
 It is much easier to measure experimentally the h parameters of such devices than to
measure their z or y parameters.
 H parameters encapsulate all the important linear characteristics of the circuit, so they
are very useful for simulation purposes.
 The relationship between voltages and current in h parameters can be represented as:
 Ideal transformer

 To illustrate where h parameters are useful, take the case of an ideal transformer, where Z
parameters cannot be used.
 Since here, the relations between voltages and current in that ideal transformer would be,

 The transformer’s voltage can not be

expressed in terms of current, it is impossible
to analyze a transformer with Z parameters
because a transformer does not have Z
parameters.

 The problem can instead be solved by using hybrid parameters (i.e. h parameters).
 Steps to Find H Parameters 

General Equation

1.Short circuit the output port of a two port network

  Short circuit input impedance,

  Short-circuit current gain,

2. Open circuit the output port of a two port network

  Open circuit reverse voltage gain,

  Open circuit output admittance,

 h parameter equivalent network

Kirchhoff Voltage Law:

Kirchhoff Current Law:

Combining these two parts of the network

 Inverse Hybrid Parameters or g Parameters
 Another set of parameters which is closely related to the h parameters are called inverse hybrid
parameters or g parameters.

 The relations between currents and voltages with g parameters are represented as:

In Matrix form

The inverse hybrid parameters are

Open-circuit input admittance Short-circuit reverse current gain

Open-circuit forward voltage gain Short-circuit output impedance

 g Parameter Equivalent Network

Combining these two circuits

 g parameter are used to analyzing Junction Field Effect Transistor or JFET.

 Find the hybrid parameters for the two-port network of Fig.

Hence

Soln: To find h11 and h21, we short-circuit the output port and connect a
current source I1 to the input port as shown in Fig. (a). From Fig.(a),

Hence

Also, from Fig.(a) we obtain, by current division,

Hence

To obtain h12 and h22, we open-circuit the input port and connect a voltage
source V2 to the output port as in Fig. (b). By voltage division,
Determine the Thevenin equivalent at the output port of the
circuit in Fig.

Substituting the values of the h parameters,

Soln:
To find ZTh and VTh, we apply the normal procedure, keeping in mind the formulas
relating the input and output ports of the h model. To obtain Z Th, remove the 60- To get VTh, we find the open-circuit voltage V2 in Fig. (b). At the input
V voltage source at the input port and apply a 1-V voltage source at the output port,
port.

--- 1 --- 2
But V2 = 1, and V1 = −40I1. Substituting these into Eqs. (1) and (2), we get

--- 3 --- 5
--- 4 Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (4) gives At the output
--- 6
Substituting Eqs. (5) and (6) into Eqs. (1) and (2), we obtain
 (or)
--- 7

--- 8

Now substituting Eq. (8) into Eq. (7) gives

(or)

Substituting the values of the h parameters,

 Find the g parameters as functions of s for the circuit in Fig (or)

In the s domain,
Soln:
To get g11 and g21, we open-circuit the output port and connect a voltage (or)
source V1 to the input port as in Fig. (a). From the figure,

(or)

By voltage division,
Thus,
(or)

To obtain g12 and g22, we short-circuit the input port and connect a current
source I2 to the output port as in Fig.(b). By current division,
 ABCD parameters
 ABCD parameters (also known as chain or transmission line parameters) are
generalized circuit constants used to help model transmission lines.
 ABCD parameters are used in the two port network representation of a transmission
line.
 The circuit of such a two-port network is shown below:
General Equation

Matrix Form

 A major section of power system engineering deals in the transmission of electrical power
from one place (eg. generating station) to another (e.g. substations or residential homes)
with maximum efficiency.
They are used in the design of telephone systems, microwave networks, and radars.

The transmission parameters are determined as

Open-circuit voltage ratio, A Negative short-circuit transfer impedance, B

Open-circuit transfer admittance, C Negative short-circuit current ratio, D

A and D are dimensionless, B is in ohms, and C is in siemens.

 Inverse transmission parameters
Another set of parameters may be defined by expressing the variables at the output port in terms of the
variables at the input port.
General Equation Matrix Form

The inverse transmission parameters are determined as

Open-circuit voltage ratio, a Negative short-circuit transfer impedance, b

Open-circuit transfer admittance, c Negative short-circuit current ratio, d

In terms of the transmission or inverse transmission parameters, a network is reciprocal if

 Find the transmission parameters for the two-port To obtain B and D, we short-circuit the output port so that V 2 = 0 as
network in Fig shown in Fig. (b) and place a voltage source V1 at the input port. At
node a in the circuit of Fig. (b), KCL gives

--- 1
But Va = 3I1 and I1 = (V1 − Va)/10. Combining these gives

Soln: To determine A and C, we leave the output port open as in Fig. (a) so that I 2 = 0 --- 2
and place a voltage source V1 at the input port. We have
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) and replacing the first term with I 1,

and
Thus,

Therefore
The ABCD parameters of the two-port network in Fig. are
The output port is connected to a variable load for --- 3
maximum power transfer. Find RL and the maximum
power transferred. Setting the right-hand sides of Eqs. (2) and (3) equal ,

Soln: Hence,
What we need is to find the Thevenin equivalent (Z Th and VTh) at the load or
output port. We find ZTh using the circuit in Fig.(a). Our goal is to get Z Th = V2/I2.
Substituting the given ABCD parameters into Eq., we obtain

To find VTh, we use the circuit in Fig. (b). At the output port I 2 = 0 and
at the input port V1 = 50 − 10I1. Substituting these into Eqs. (1) and (2),
--- 1

--- 2

At the input port, V1 = −10I1. Substituting this into Eq. (1) gives

(or)
 --- 4

--- 5

Substituting Eq. (5) into Eq. (4),

Thus,
The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (c). For maximum
power transfer,

the maximum power is

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PARAMETERS

The six sets of parameters relate the same input and

output terminal variables of the same two-port network,
they should be interrelated and its determinant is

Given the z parameters, let us obtain the y parameters.

Equating terms yields

h parameters from the z parameters From general matrix form of h parameter

1a
1b
Making I2 from equ 1b

Substituting equ 2 in equ 1a

Puttting equ 3 and equ 2 in matrix form

ABCD parameters are given by The equations, using Z parameters are

Using Y parameters

Y parameters are given by

 Find [z] and [g] of a two-port network if

Soln:
Thus,
If A = 10, B = 1.5, C = 2, D = 4, the
determinant of the matrix is
Obtain the y parameters of the op amp circuit in Fig. Show that the circuit has no z
parameters.

which can be written as

Soln: Since no current can enter the input

Comparing this with Eq. shows that

terminals of the op amp, I1 = 0, which can

be expressed in terms of V1 and V2 as
--- 1 The determinant of the [y] matrix is
Comparing this with Eq. gives

Also,
Since Δy = 0, the [y] matrix has no inverse;
therefore, the [z] matrix does not exist according
to Eq. . Note that the circuit is not reciprocal
where Io is the current through R1 and R2. But Io
because of the active element.
= V1/R1. Hence,
 Evaluate V2/Vs in the circuit in Fig. Also, at the input port
--- 3

and at the output port

--- 4

Substituting Eqs. (3) and (4) into Eq. (1) gives

Soln:
--- 5
This may be regarded as two two-ports in series. For Nb,
while substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (2) yields
Thus --- 6

Substituting Eq. (6) into Eq. (5), we get

But
--- 1

--- 2 Also