UNIT V

Two Port Network and

Network Functions: .
 INTRODUCTION
A two-port network is an electrical network circuit
or device with two pairs of terminals to connect to
external circuits. Two terminals constitute a port if the
currents applied to them satisfy the essential
requirement known as the port condition.The electric
current entering one terminal must equal the current
emerging from the other terminal on the same port.
 TERMINAL
 A terminal is the point at which a conductor from an
electrical component, device or network comes to an
end and provides a point of connection to external
circuits.
 All electric cell have two terminals. The first is the
positive terminal and the second is the negative
terminal. The positive terminal looks like a metal cap
and the negative terminal looks like a metal disc. The
current flows from the positive terminal, and out
through the negative terminal, the current flow (positive
(+) to negative (-) flow).
PORT
A port is a pair of terminals connecting an electrical
network or circuit to an external circuit, a point of entry or
exit for electrical energy. A port consists of two nodes
(terminals) connected to an outside circuit, that meets the
port. The currents flowing into the two nodes must be
equal and opposite.

Network N has a port connecting it

to an external circuit. The port
meets the port condition because
the current I entering one terminal
of the port is equal to the current
exiting the other.
ONE PORT NETWORK
A port is combination of two terminals on the same
side of network. Thus a terminal pair is nothing but a
port as shown in fig .
A network having only one terminal pair or port is
called one port network.
One port network can be represented as below.
I1 I1
+ +

V1  V1 R
- -
NETWORK FUNCTION FOR
ONE PORT NETWORK
Voltage and current for the one port linear network as shown in fig.
As there is one port , voltage and current measured at same port.
thus for one port network only driving function can be defined as
below.
Hear V is applied voltage.

DRIVING POINT IMPEDANCE FUNCTION.

The ratio of laplace transform of voltage and current measured at

port under zero initial condition is called driving point impedance
function
It is denoted by Z(s)
Z(s)=V(s)/I(s)
DRIVING POINT ADMITTANCE
FUNCTION

 It is the ratio of laplace transform of current and

voltage measured at port under zero initial condition is
called driving point admittance function.
It denoted by Y(s)
Y(s)=I(s)/V(s)
S
I1
+ E, H n̂
V1
-
V
 Multiport Networks
+ VN -
IN
N-port Network
I1  Im

V1 +- +
- Vm
To represent multi-port networks we use:
I2 
 Z (impedance) parameters
V2 +-

Not easily
 Y (admittance) parameters measurable at 
high frequency

 h (hybrid) parameters I3
+ V -
 ABCD parameters 3

 S (scattering) parameters
Measurable at high frequency

8
 Two Port Networks
Generalities: The standard configuration of a two port:

I1 I2
+ +
Input Output
V1
_ Port The Network Port
V2
_
A two-port network requires two terminal pairs (total 4 terminals).

Amongst the two voltages and two currents shown,generally two
can be independently specified (externally).

input output

By convention, regard Port 1 as the input and Port 2 as the input

(and use the polarity labels shown). We consider circuits with no
internal independent sources.
 Network Equations:

Impedance
V1 = z11I1 + z12I2 V2 = b11V1 - b12I1
Z parameters
V2 = z21I1 + z22I2 I2 = b21V1 – b22I1

Admittance I1 = y11V1 + y12V2 V1 = h11I1 + h12V2

Hybrid
Y parameters H parameters
I2 = y21V1 + y22V2 I2 = h21I1 + h22V2

Transmission V1 = AV2 - BI2 I1 = g11V1 + g12I2

A, B, C, D
parameters
I1 = CV2 - DI2 V2 = g21V1 + g22I2
 Summary

A two-port network has an input port and an output port,

each with each port involving a single current and a single
voltage.
 If the two-port network is linear and does not contain any
independent sources, it may be possible to characterize up to
6 different sets of matrix relationships. We discussed four:
admittance [y], impedance [z],hybrid [h], and transmission
[T]. If the parameters exist, they can be calculated or
measured individually by short-circuiting or open circuiting
the appropriate port.
 Network functions for Two-Port Network
 Consider a two port network with voltages and currents at ports 1-
1’ and 2-2’ as V1(t), I1(t) and V2(t), I2(t) respectively as shown in
figure .
Network functions for Two-Port Network are as follows:

1. Driving point functions:

 Driving point impedance functions
 Driving point admittance functions
2. Transfer Functions:
 Voltage transfer functions
 Current transfer functions
 Transfer impedance functions
 Transfer admittance functions
Driving point functions:

Driving point impedance functions

 The ratio of Laplace transform of voltage and current at port 1-1’
or 2-2’ is defined as driving point impedance function.
 Thus there are two driving point impedance functions.

 At port 1-1’ denoted as Z11(s)

Z11(s)= V1(s)
I1(s)

 At port 2-2’ denoted as Z22(s)

Z22(s)= V2(s)
I2(s)
Driving point functions:
Driving point admittance functions
 The ratio of Laplace transform of current and voltage at port 1-1’
or 2-2’ is defined as driving point admittance function.
 Thus there are two driving point admittance functions.

 At port 1-1’ denoted as Y11(s)

Y11(s)= I1(s)
V1(s)
 At port 2-2’ denoted as Y11(s)

Y22(s)= I2(s)
V2(s)
Transfer Functions:

Voltage Transfer Function:

 It is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of voltage at one
port and voltage at another port.
 It is denoted as G(s).
 G12(s) = V1(s) and G21(s) = V2(s)
V2(s) V1(s)
Current Transfer Function:
 It is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of current at one
port and current at another port.
 It is denoted as A(s).
 A12(s) = I1(s) and A21(s) = I2(s)
I2(s) I1(s)
Transfer Functions:

Transfer Impedance Function:

 It is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of voltage at one
port and current at another port.
Z12(s) = V1(s) and Z21(s) = V2(s)
I2(s) I1(s)

Transfer Admittance Function:

 It is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of current at one
port and voltage at another port.
Y12(s) = I1(s) and Y21(s) = I2(s)
V2(s) V1(s)
 TWO – PORT NETWORKS
 A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or leave
a network is known as a port.
 Two terminal devices or elements (such as resistors,
capacitors, and inductors) results in one – port network.
 Most of the circuits we have dealt with so far are two –
terminal or one – port circuits.
 A two – port network is an electrical network with two separate
ports for input and output.
 It has two terminal pairs acting as access points. The current
entering one terminal of a pair leaves the other terminal in the
pair.
 I

+
V Linear network
-

I
One – port network
I1 I2

+
+
Linear network V2
V1
-
-
I1 I2
Two – port network
 Two (2) reason why to study two port – network:
 Such networks are useful in communication, control system,
power systems and electronics.

 Knowing the parameters of a two – port network enables us

to treat it as a “black box” when embedded within a larger
network.
 From the network, we can observe that there are 4 variables
that is I1, I2, V1and V2, which two are independent.
 The various term that relate these voltages and currents are
called parameters.
Z – PARAMETER
 Z – parameter also called as impedance parameter and
the units is ohm (Ω)
 Impedance parameters is commonly used in the
synthesis of filters and also useful in the design and
analysis of impedance matching networks and power
distribution networks.
 The two – port network may be voltage – driven or
current – driven.
Two – port network driven by voltage source.
I1 I2

V1 + Linear network +
  V2

+ +
Two
I – port network driven by current sources.
I
1 V1 Linear network V2 2

- -
 The “black box” is replace with Z-parameter is as
shown below.
I1 I2

Z11 Z12
+ +
V1 V2
- -
Z21 Z22

 The terminal voltage can be related to the terminal

current as:
1
V z
11I1z
12I2 (1)

2
V I1z22
z21 I2 (2)
 In matrix form as:

V1   z11 z12   I1 

V    z   
z 22   I 2 
 2   21
 The Z-parameter that we want to determine are z11, z12, z21, z22.
 The value of the parameters can be evaluated by setting:
1. I1= 0 (input port open – circuited)
2. I2= 0 (output port open – circuited)
 Where;
 Thus, z11 = open – circuit
input
V1 V1
z 11  z 12  impedance.
z12 = open – circuit
I1 I2 0
I2 I 1  0 transfer impedance
from port 1 to port 2.
V2 V2 z21 = open – circuit
z 21  z 22  transfer impedance
I1 I2 0
I2 I1  0
from port 2 to port 1.
z22 = open – circuit
output impedance.
Example
Find the Z – parameter of the circuit below.
I1 I2
+ +

V1 240Ω V2
120Ω
_ _

40Ω
 i)
Solution
I = 0(open circuit port 2). Redraw the circuit.
2

I1 Ia
V1  120 I b .......(1) V2  240 I a .......(3)
+ + I  280 I ......(2) I  120 I .......( 4)
240Ω b 1 a
400
1
400
V1 Ib 120Ω V2 sub (1)  (2) sub (4)  (3)
V1 V2
_ _  Z 11   84   Z 21   72
I1 I1

40Ω
 ii) I1 = 0 (open circuit port 1). Redraw the circuit.
Iy I2
V2  240 I x .......(1) V1  120 I y .......(3)
+ + 160 240
Ix  I 2 .......(2) I y  I 2 .......(4)
V1 240Ω V2 400 400
120Ω Ix sub (1)  (2) sub (4)  (3)
_ _ V V
 Z 22  2  96  Z12  1  72
I2 I2
40Ω

84 72
Z    
In matrix form: 72 96
Y - PARAMETER
 Y – parameter also called admittance parameter and the
units is siemens (S).
 The “black box” that we want to replace with the Y-
parameter is shown below.
I1 I2

Y11 Y12
+ +
V1 V2
- -
Y21 Y22
 The terminal current can be expressed in term of terminal
voltage as:

I 1  y11V1  y12V 2 (1)

I 2  y 21V1  y 22V 2 (2)

 In matrix form:

 I1   y11 y12  V1 

I    y   
y22  V2 
 2   21
 The y-parameter that we want to determine are Y11, Y12, Y21, Y22.
The values of the parameters can be evaluate by setting:
i) V1 = 0 (input port short – circuited).
ii) V2 = 0 (output port short – circuited).

 Thus;
I1 I1
Y 11  Y 12 
V1 V2 0
V2 V1  0

I2 I2
Y 21  Y 22 
V1 V2 0
V2 V1  0
 Example

Find the Y – parameter of the circuit shown

below.
5Ω
I1 I2
+ +

V1 20Ω 15Ω V2

_ _
Solution V1  20 I a .......( 1)
5
i) V2 = 0 Ia  I 1 .......( 2 )
25
I1
5Ω I2 sub (1)  (2)
+ I1 1
 Y11   S
V1 4
V1 20Ω
Ia
V1 5I2
_
I2 1
Y21  S
V1 5
ii) V1 = 0 V 2  15 I x .......( 3 )
I1 5Ω
I2 5
Ix  I 2 .......( 4 )
+ 25
15Ω Ix V2
sub (3)  (4)
I2 4
_  Y 22   S
 In matrix form; V 2 15
V2 5I1
 1 1  I1 1
  12
Y  S
 4 V2 5
Y    1 5 S
4 
 
 5 15 
 H - parameter
 In these network there are four parameters called the hybrid
parameters or H-parameters, one is measured in terms of ohm,
one in mho and other two are dimension less. Since these
parameters has mixed dimensions, so they are called as hybrid
parameters.
 The “black box” that we want to replace with T – parameter is
as shown below.

V1  h11I1  h12 V2 h11 = Short-circuit input
I 2  h 21I1  h 22 V2 impedance
h12 = Open-circuit reverse
V1  h11 h12   I1   I1  voltage gain
 I   h      h  
 2   21 h 22  V2  V2  h21 = Short-circuit forward
V1 V1 current gain
h11  , h12  h22 = Open-circuit output
I1 V 0 V2 I 0
2 1
admittance
I2 I2
h 21  , h 22 
I1 V 0 V2 I 0
2 1
T (ABCD) PARAMETER
 T – parameter or ABCD – parameter is a another set of
parameters relates the variables at the input port to those at
the output port.
 T – parameter also called transmission parameters because
this parameter are useful in the analysis of transmission
lines because they express sending – end variables (V1 and
I1) in terms of the receiving – end variables (V2 and -I2).
 The “black box” that we want to replace with T –
parameter is as shown below.

I1 I2

A11 B12
+ +
V1 V2
- -
C21 D22

 The equation is: V1  AV 2  BI 2 .......( 1)

I1  CV 2  DI 2 .......( 2 )
 In matrix form is:

V1   A B   V2 
 I   C D  I 
 1   2 
 The T – parameter that we want determine are A, B, C and D
where A and D are dimensionless, B is in ohm (Ω) and C is in
siemens (S).
 The values can be evaluated by setting
i) I2 = 0 (input port open – circuit)
ii) V2 = 0 (output port short circuit)
 Thus;

V1 V1
A  B 
V2 I2 0
I2 V2 0

I1 I1
C  D 
V 2 I  0 parameter,
 In term of the transmission I 2a Vnetwork
0 is reciprocal
2 2
if;

AD - BC  1
Example
Find the ABCD – parameter of the circuit
shown below.

I1 2Ω 4Ω I2

+ +

V1 10Ω V2

_ _
 V2  10 I1
Solution I1
C   0.1S
i) I2 = 0, V2
V1  2 I1  V2
I1 2Ω
 V2  6
V1  2   V2  V2
+ +
 10  5
V1 10Ω V2 V1
A  1.2
_ _ V2
 10
ii) V2 = 0, I2   I1
14
I1 2Ω 4Ω I2 I1
D    1 .4
I2
+
V1  2 I 1  10  I 1  I 2 
V1 10Ω
I1 + I 2 V1  12 I 1  10 I 2
_  14 
V1  12   I 2   10 I 2
 10 
1.2 6.8
T     B  
V1
 6 .8 
0.1 1.4  I2