12

Network Functions

12.1 INTRODUCTION
A network function gives the relation between currents or voltages at different parts of the network. It is
broadly classified as driving point and transfer function. It is associated with terminals and ports.
Any network may be represented schematically by a rectangular box. Terminals are needed to connect any
network to any other network or for taking some measurements. Two such associated terminals are called
terminal pair or port. If there is only one pair of terminals in the network, it is called a one-port network.
If there are two pairs of terminals, it is called a two-port network. The port to which energy source is connected
is called the input port. The port to which load is connected is known as the output port. One such network
having only one pair of terminals (1 – 1′ ) is shown in Fig. 12.1 (a) and is called one-port network. Figure
12.1 (b) shows a two-port network with two pairs of terminals. The terminals 1 – 1′ together constitute a port.
Similarly, the terminals 2 – 2′ constitute another port.

I I1 I2
1 One- 1 Two- 2
+ + +
V port V1 port V2
− network − network −
1′ 1′ 2′

(a) (b)

Fig. 12.1 (a) One-port network (b) Two-port network

A voltage and current are assigned to each of the two ports. V1 and I1 are assigned to the input port,
whereas V2 and I2 are assigned to the output port. It is also assumed that currents I1 and I2 are entering into
the network at the upper terminals 1 and 2 respectively.

12.2 DRIVING-POINT FUNCTIONS

If excitation and response are measured at the same ports, the network function is known as the driving-point
function. For a one-port network, only one voltage and current are specified and hence only one network
function (and its reciprocal) can be defined.
12.2 Network Analysis and Synthesis
1. Driving-point Impedance Function It is defined as the ratio of the voltage transform at one port
to the current transform at the same port. It is denoted by Z (s).
V ( s)
Z ( s) =
I ( s)
2. Driving-point Admittance Function It is defined as the ratio of the current transform at one port
to the voltage transform at the same port. It is denoted by Y (s).
I ( s)
Y ( s) =
V ( s)
For a two-port network, the driving-point impedance function and driving-point admittance function at
port 1 are
V1 ( s)
Z11 ( s) =
I1 ( s)

I1 ( s)
Y11 ( s) =
V1 ( s)
Similarly, at port 2,

V2 ( s)
Z 22 ( s) =
I 2 ( s)

I 2 ( s)
Y22 ( s) =
V2 ( s)

12.3 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS

The transfer function is used to describe networks which have at least two ports. It relates a voltage or current
at one port to the voltage or current at another port. These functions are also defined as the ratio of a response
transform to an excitation transform. Thus, there are four possible forms of transfer functions.
1. Voltage Transfer Function It is defined as the ratio of the voltage transform at one port to the
voltage transform at another port. It is denoted by G (s).
V2 ( s)
G12 ( s) =
V1 ( s)
V ( s)
G21 ( s) = 1
V2 ( s)

2. Current Transfer Function It is defined as the ratio of the current transform at one port to the current
transform at another port. It is denoted by a (s).

I2 ( )
α12 ( ) =
I1 ( )
I1 ( )
α 21 ( ) =
I2 ( )
 12.3 Transfer Functions 12.3

3. Transfer Impedance Function It is defined as the ratio of the voltage transform at one port to the
current transform at another port. It is denoted by Z (s).
V2 ( s)
Z12 ( s) =
I1 ( s)
V1 ( s)
Z 21 ( s) =
I 2 ( s)
4. Transfer Admittance Function It is defined as the ratio of the current transform at one port to the
voltage transform at another port. It denoted by Y (s).
I 2 ( s)
Y12 ( s) =
V1 ( s)
I1 ( s)
Y21 ( s) =
V2 ( s)

Example 12. 1 Determine the driving-point impedance function of a one-port network shown in Fig. 12.2.
R

C L

Fig. 12.2 R

Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.3.

Z(s) 1 Ls
1 R Cs
( R Ls) s+
Cs R Ls 1 L
Z ( s) = = 2
=
1
+ (R
( R Ls) LCs
C R
RCs
Cs + 1 C 2 R
s + s+
1
Cs L LC Fig. 12.3

Example 12.2 Determine the driving-point impedance of the network shown in Fig. 12.4.
2s 2s

1 1
Z (s)
2s 2s

Fig. 12.4

Solution
1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 1
⎜⎝ 2 s + ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 s + ⎟⎠ 2s + 4 s + 8s3 + 2 s +
s = 16 s +12
4
2s 2s 2s 2s 2 s 2 + s2 + 1
Z ( s) = 2 s + = 2s + = 2 s + =
1
+ 2s +
1 2 + 4s2 2 + 4s2 2 + 4s2 8s3 + 4 s
2s 2s 2s
12.4 Network Analysis and Synthesis

Example 12.3 Determine the driving-point impedance of the network shown in Fig. 12.5.
1 1
s s

Z (s) s s

Fig. 12.5

Solution
⎛1 ⎞
s ⎜ + s⎟
1 ⎝ s ⎠ 1 ( s 2 ) s 1 s + s3 s4 + 3 2 1
Z ( s) = + = + = + =
s 1 s 2s2 + 1 s 2s2 + 1 2 s3 + s
s+ +s
s

Example 12.4 Find the driving-point admittance function of the network shown in Fig. 12.6.

s
1
3s 5s
1
2s

Y (s)

Fig. 12.6

Solution
⎛ 1⎞
s⎜ ⎟
1 ⎝ 2s ⎠ 1 s 30 s 4 +15
+ 5s 2 + 2 s 2 + 1 + 5s 2 30 s 4 + 22s
22 s 2 + 1
Z ( s ) = 3s + + = 3s + + 2 = =
5s 1 5s 2 s + 1 5 ( 2 s 2 1) 5 ( 2 s 2 1)
s+
2s
1 5s ( s 2 )
Y ( s) = =
Z ( s) 30 s 4 + 22 s 2 + 1

Example 12.5 Find the transfer impedance function Z12(s) for the network shown in Fig. 12.7.

I1 (s)

+ +

1
V1 (s) R V2 (s)
Cs

− −

Fig. 12.7
 12.4 Analysis of Ladder Networks 12.5

⎛ 1⎞
R⎜ ⎟
⎝ Cs ⎠
Solution V2 ( s) = I1 ( s)
1
R+
Cs
V2 ( s) R
=
I1 ( s) RCs C +1
V2 ( s) 1
Z12 ( s) = =
I1 ( s) ⎛ 1 ⎞
C s+ ⎟
⎝ RC ⎠

Example 12.6 Find voltage transfer function of the two-port network shown in Fig. 12.8.
I1(s) R I2(s)
+ +
1 V2(s)
V1(s)
Cs
− −

Fig. 12.8
Solution By voltage division rule,
1 1
Cs 1
V2 ( s) = V1 ( s) = V1 ( s) = V1 ( s) RC
1 C +1
RCs
RC 1
R+ s+
Cs RC
1
V2 ( s)
Voltage transfer function = RC
V1 ( s) 1
s+
RC

12.4 ANALYSIS OF LADDER NETWORKS

I1 Z1 Va Z3 Ib Vb I2 = 0
The network functions of a ladder network can be
obtained by a simple method. This method depends + +
upon the relationships that exist between the branch
currents and node voltages of the ladder network. V1 Y2 Y4 V2
Consider the network shown in Fig. 12.9 where all the
− −
impedances are connected in series branches and all
the admittances are connected in parallel branches.
Analysis is done by writing the set of equations. Fig. 12.9 Ladder network
In writing these equations, we begin at the port 2 of
the ladder and work towards the port 1.
Vb = V2
Ib = Y4 V2
Va = Z3 Ib + V2 = (Z3Y4 + 1) V2
I1 = Y2 Va + Ib = [Y2 (Z3 Y4 + 1) + Y4] V2
V1 = Z1 I1 + Va = [Z1 {Y2 (Z3 Y4 + 1) + Y4} + (Z3 Y4 + 1)] V2
12.6 Network Analysis and Synthesis

Thus, each succeeding equation takes into account one new impedance or admittance. Except the first two
equations, each subsequent equation is obtained by multiplying the equation just preceding it by imittance
(either impedance or admittance) that is next down the line and then adding to this product the equation twice
preceding it. After writing these equations, we can obtain any network function.
V
Example 12.7 For the network shown in Fig. 12.10, determine transfer function
V
I1 1Ω 1Ω I2 = 0
+ +

V 1F 1F V

Fig. 12.10
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.11.
I1 1 1 Ib V I 0
V V
V + +
Ib sV
1 1 1
V s s V
s
+V − −
s +1 V
V Fig. 12.11
I1 b s s sV
1
s
V +V s sV s s + )V
V 1
Hence, = 2
V s s

V
Example 12.8 For the network shown in Fig. 12.12, determine the voltage transfer function .
V
I1 s Va s I V I 0
+ +

V1 1 1 V

Fig. 12.12
Solution Vb = V2
V
Ib V
1
V
V
I1 I = s+2 V
1
s V )V
 12.4 Analysis of Ladder Networks 12.7

V2 1
Hence, =
V1 s 2 + 3s
3s 1

V1 V2 V
Example 12.9 Find the network functions , and 2 for the network shown in Fig. 12.13.
I1 V1 I1
I1 1H 1H I2 = 0
+ +

V1 1F 1F V2

− −

Fig. 12.13

Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.14.

I1 s Va s Ib Vb I2 = 0
Vb V2
+ +
V
I b = 2 = sV
V2 1 1
1 V1 V2
s s
s − −
Va s I b V2 = s ( sV ( s 2 1)V2
V2 ) V2 = (s
Fig. 12.14
Va
I1 = Va I b = s ( s 2 + 1)V2 sV
+ I b sV V2 ( s3 2 s)V2
1
s
V1 s I1 Va = s ( s3 + 2 s) ( s 2 + 1) ( s 4 2 s 2 + s 2 + 1) ((ss 4 3s 2 1)V2
V1 s 4 + 3s3s 2 1
Hence, =
I1 s3 + 2 s
V2 1
= 4
V1 s + 3s 3s 2 1
V2 1
= 3
V1 s + 2 s

V1 V2 V
Example 12.10 Find the network functions , , and 2 for the network in Fig. 12.15.
I 1 V1 I1
1
F
I1 4 3H I2 = 0
+ +

V1 1 V2
H 2F
2
− −

Fig. 12.15
12.8 Network Analysis and Synthesis
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.16.
4
Vb V2 s
I1 Va 3s Ib Vb I2 = 0
V
I b = 2 = 2 sV
V2 + +
1
s 1
2s V1 V2
2 2s
Va 3s I b V2 = 3s ( 2 sV
V2 ) V2 = (6 s 2
1)V2 − −

Va 2 ⎛ 14 s 2 + 2 ⎞
I1 = + I b = (6 s 2 1)V2 + 2 sV V2 = ⎜ ⎟ V2 Fig. 12.16
s s ⎝ s ⎠
2
4 4 ⎛ 14 s 2 + 2 ⎞ ⎛ 6s4 7s2 8 ⎞
557s
V1 = I1 Va = ⎜ V
⎟ 2 ( 6 s 2
1 ) V 2 = ⎜ ⎟ V2
s s⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ s2 ⎠
V1 6 s 4 557s
7s2 8
Hence, =
I1 14 s3 + 2 s
V2 s2
= 4
V1 6 s 57s 57 s 2 8
V2 s
=
I1 14 s 2 + 2

Example 12.11 For the ladder network of Fig. 12.17, find the driving point-impedance at the 1 – 1Ä
terminal with 2 – 2Ä open.

I1 1Ω 1H 1Ω 1H 1Ω 1H I2 = 0
1 2
+ +

V1 1F 1F 1F V2

− −
1′ 2′

Fig. 12.17
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.18.
I1 1 s a 1 s Vb 1 s Vc I2 = 0
1 2
+ Ia Ib +

V1 1 1 1 V2
s s s
− −
1′ 2′

Fig. 12.18
Vc V2
V
I b = 2 = s V2
1
s
 12.4 Analysis of Ladder Networks 12.9

V
V
Ia = + b s( = s + 2s V
1
s
V s s s sV + + + +1 V
V
I1 a =s s s s + s + s + 2s V
1
s
s +2 s s2 s) V
V s s s s + V
V
V s s s s s
Hence, Z11
I1 s

V
Example 12.12 Determine the voltage transfer function for the network shown in Fig. 12.19.
V

I1 1Ω 2 I 0
+ +

V 1F 1F 1Ω V

Fig. 12.19

Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.20.

I1 1 V Ia 2s V Vc I 0
=V + Ib I +
V
+I s +1 V V 1
s 1 V
1 1 s
s
V
Fig. 12.20
= s +1 V
V
I1 = + a s s + 1V + +1 V
1
s
V +1 s s s 4s V
V 1
Hence, =
V 2s s + 4s 2
12.10 Network Analysis and Synthesis

I2
Example 12.13 For the network shown in Fig. 12.21, determine the transfer function .
V1
3Ω
2
I1 1Ω I2 I=0
2F
+ 3 +
1Ω
V1 2F V2
6
− −

Fig. 12.21
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.22.
3
2
I1 1 Va I2 Vb I=0
3
+ 2s Ia Ib +

V1 1 1 V2
2s 6
− −

Fig. 12.22

Vb Va = V2
V2 V2
I1 = I a + I b = + = 2 sVV2 + 6 V2 ( 2 s + 6)V2
1 1
2s 6
⎛3 3 ⎞
×
⎜ 2 2s ⎟ ⎛ 9 ⎞ (6 15) ⎡ ( 2 s 5)( s + 3) ⎤
V1 = ⎜ + 1⎟ I1 V2 = ⎜ + 1⎟ I1 V2 = ( 2 6)V2 V2 = ⎢ + 1⎥ V2
3 3 ⎝6 6 ⎠ 6 6 ⎣ ( s + 1) ⎦
⎜ + ⎟
⎝ 2 2s ⎠
⎡ ( 2 s 5)( s + 3) ( s 1) ⎤ ⎛ 2 s 2 + 6 s + 5s + 15 + s + 1⎞ ⎛ 2 s 2 + 12 s + 16 ⎞
=⎢ ⎥ V2 = ⎜ ⎟ V2 = ⎜ ⎟ V2
⎣ s +1 ⎦ ⎝ s +1 ⎠ ⎝ s +1 ⎠
2(ss 2 + 6s
6 s 8) 2 ( s 4)( s + 2)
= V2 = V2
s +1 s +1
Also, I2 = −Ib = −6 V2
I2 3 ( s 1)
=−
V1 ( s + 4)( s 2)

I2 V
Example 12.14 For the network shown in Fig. 12.23, compute α 12 (s)
s = s) = 2 .
and Z12 ((s)
I1 I1

1Ω I2 I=0
+ +
I1 V1 1F 1F V2

− −

Fig. 12.23
 12.4 Analysis of Ladder Networks 12.11

Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.24.

1 I2 Va I=0
Va V2 + +
V2
I2 = = sVV2 I1 V1 1 1 V2
1 s s
s − −
V1 1 I 2 + Va sV V2 V2 = (s 1)V2
V Fig. 12.24
I1 = 1 + I 2 sV V + sV = ( s 2 + 2s)V2
V1 I 2 = s (s + 1)V
1
s
I2 1
Hence, α12 ( ) = =
I1 s + 2
V2 1
and Z12 ( s) = =
I1 s 2 + 2 s

V2 I V2
Example 12.15 Determine the voltage ratio , current ratio 2 , transfer impedance and
V1 I1 I1
V1
driving- point impedance for the network shown in Fig. 12.25.
I1
3Ω
I1 3H I2 I=0
1F
+ 3 +
2Ω
V1 1F 1Ω V2
1F
− 2 −

Fig. 12.25
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.26.
3
I1 Va 3s Vb I2 Vc I=0
3
+ s Ia Ib +

V1 1 2 1 V2
s
2
− s −

Fig. 12.26

Vc Vb = V2
V
I 2 = 2 = V2
1
V2
V s ⎛ 3s + 2 ⎞
Ia Ib + I2 = + 2 = V V2 = ⎜ V2
2 1 2s + 2 2 ⎝ 2 s + 2 ⎟⎠
2+
s
3s (3s + 2) ⎛ 9 s 2 + 8s + 2 ⎞
Va = 3s I a + V2 = V2 + V2 = ⎜ ⎟ V2
2s + 2 ⎝ 2s + 2 ⎠
12.12 Network Analysis and Synthesis

V s s 8s + 2 3s 2 ⎛ 9s 8 2 s ⎞
I1 = + a V V
2s 2 s 2s 2
s
⎛ 3⎞
3×
s 3 3 ⎛ +5 2 ⎛ +2
V = I + = V + V
s +1 s +1 2 2 2 2
3+
s
⎡ 27 + + 15s + s + s+ s+2 (36 + + 25 + 8)
V V
⎣ s +2 +2
⎛ 36 + + 25s + 8 ⎞
V
+2
V s s+2
Hence, =
V 36 s + 25s + 8
I2 2s 2
=
I1 s s + 5s 2
V 2s 2
I1 s + 5s 2
V 36 s +2 36 s + 25s + 8
=
I1 s s s+2 s+2

V V I2 I
Example 12.16 For the resistive two-port network of Fig. 12.27, find , , and 2
V I1 V I1
I1 2Ω 2Ω 2Ω I
+ +

V 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω V 1Ω

Fig. 12.27

Solution The network is redrawn as shown in Fig. 12.28.

I1 V 2 V 2 V I

+ Ia I +

V 1 1 1 V 1

Fig. 12.28
 12.4 Analysis of Ladder Networks 12.13

V2
I2 = − = −V2
1
Vb 3 I 2 3V2
Vb Vb 4
Ib = + = Vb 4 V2
1 3 3
Va 2 I b Vb 8 V2 + 3 V2 = 11 V2
V
Ia = a + I b = 11 V2 + 4 2 = 15 V2
1
V1 = 2 a + a = 30 2 + 11 V2 = 4411 V2
V
I1 = 1 + I a = 41 V2 +15
155 V2 = 566 V2
1
V2 1
Hence, =
V1 41
V2 1
= Ω
I1 56
I2 1
=−
V1 41
I2 1
=−
I1 56

V2
Example 12.17 Find the network function for the network shown in Fig. 12.29.
V1
2V1
Ia 1Ω 1Ω I2 = 0
+ −
+ +

V1 2Ia 1Ω V2

− −

Fig. 12.29
Solution The network is redrawn as shown in Fig. 12.30.

2V1
Ia 1 3Ia 1 I2 = 0
+ −
+ +
3Ia

V1 2Ia 1 V2

− −

Fig. 12.30
12.14 Network Analysis and Synthesis
From Fig. 12.30,
V2 = 1 (3 Ia) = 3 Ia
Applying KVL to the outermost loop,
V1 − 1 (Ia) − 1 (3 Ia) − 2 V1 − 1 (3 Ia) = 0
V1 = −7 Ia
V2 3
Hence, =−
V1 7

I2
Example 12.18 Find the network function for the network shown in Fig. 12.31.
I1
2Ia 2Ω I2
− +
+
Ia
I1
I1 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω V2
2

Fig. 12.31
Solution The network is redrawn as shown in Fig. 12.32.

2 Ia I1 I1
Ia + I2 + 2 I2 + I2
a 2 2
− +
d f +
I Ia
I1
I1 1 1 1 V2
2

−
b c e

Fig. 12.32

From Fig. 12.32,

I1
I I1 + I a + I 2 +
2
3
= I1 Ia + I2 ...(i)
2
Applying KVL to the loop abcda,
−1 I − 1 I a − 2 a =0
−I − 3 a =0
I +3 a =0 ...(ii)
 12.5 Analysis of Non-Ladder Networks 12.15
Substituting Eq. (i) in Eq. (ii),
3
I1 Ia + I2 3 a 0
2
3
I1 I2 + 4 a 0 ...(iii)
2
Applying KVL to the loop dcefd,

⎛ I ⎞
1 a 1I2 2 I2 + 1 ⎟ = 0
⎝ 2⎠
Ia 3 2 1 0

Ia 3 I 2 + I1 ...(iv)

Substituting Eq. (iv) in Eq. (iii),

3
I1 I 2 + 4 (3 I 2 I1 ) = 0
2
3
I1 I 2 + 12 I 2 4 1 0
2
11
I1 13 I 2 = 0
2
11
13 I 2 = − I1
2
I2 11
Hence, =−
I1 26

12.5 ANALYSIS OF NON-LADDER NETWORKS

The above method is applicable for ladder networks. There are other network configurations to which the
technique described is not applicable. Figure 12.33 shows one such network.

Z4

Z1 Z2
I1 I2
+ +

V1 Z3 V2

− −

Fig. 12.33 Non-ladder network

For such a type of network, it is necessary to express the network functions as a quotient of determinants,
formulated on KVL and KCL basis.
12.16 Network Analysis and Synthesis

V2 V2 I 2 I
Example 12.19 For the resistive bridged T network shown in Fig. 12.34, find , , and 2 .
V1 I 1 V1 I1
2Ω

I1 1Ω I3 1Ω I2
+ +

V1 0.5 Ω V2 1Ω
I1
− I2 −

Fig. 12.34

Solution Applying KVL to Mesh 1,

V1 = 1.5 I1 + 0.5 I2 − I3 ...(i)
Applying KVL to Mesh 2,
0 = 0.5 I1 + 2.5 I2 + I3 ...(ii)
Applying KVL to Mesh 3,
0 = −I1 + I2 + 4 I3 ...(iii)
Writing these equations in matrix form,
⎡V1 ⎤ ⎡1 0 1⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥ = ⎢0.5 2.5 1⎥ ⎢ I 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ...(iv)
⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎣ −1 1 4 ⎦ ⎣ I3 ⎦
V1 0 5 −1
0 2 .5 1
Δ1 0 1 4 V (10 − 1) ...(iv)
I1 = = = 1 = V1
Δ 1.5 0.5 −1 9
0.5 2.5 1
−1 1 4
1 5 V1 −1
05 0 1
Δ2 −1 0 4 −V ( 2 + 1) 1
I2 = = = 1 = − V1 ...(v)
Δ 1.5 0.5 −1 9 3
0.5 2.5 1
−1 1 4
From Fig. 12.34, V2 = −1 (I2) = −I2
From Eq. (v), V1 = −3 I2
1 1
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), I2 V1 = − I1
3 3
I1 3I 2
I2 1
Hence, =− �
V1 3
 12.5 Analysis of Non-Ladder Networks 12.17

1
− V1
I2 1
= 3 =−
I1 V1 3
V2 −I2 1
= =
V1 −3 I 2 3
V2 −I2 1
= = Ω
I1 −3 I 2 3

Example 12.20 For the network of Fig. 12.35, find Z11, Z12 and G12.

Za
I1 a b
+ +

V1 Zb V2
Zb

− −
d c
Za

Fig. 12.35
Solution The network can be redrawn as shown in Fig. 12.36. Since the network consists of two identical
impedances connected in parallel, the current in I1 divides equally in each branch.
I1 I1
V1 ( Z a + Zb ) + I1 I1
2
2 2
V1 Z a Zb Za Zb
Z11 = =
I1 2
V1 V2
I1 ⎛I ⎞ I1 + −
V2 Zb Z a ⎜ 1 ⎟ = ( Zb Za )
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 Zb Za

V2 Zb − Z a −
Z12 = =
I1 2
Fig. 12.36
By voltage-division rule,
Zb Za Zb Za
V2 = V1 V1 = V1
Za Zb Za Zb Za Zb
V2 Zb Za
G12 = =
V1 Z a Zb

Example 12.21 For the network shown in Fig. 12.37, determine Z11 (s), G12 (s) and Z12 (s).
12.18 Network Analysis and Synthesis
1F

I1 1Ω 1Ω I2 = 0
+ +

V1 1F V2

− −

Fig. 12.37
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.38.
1
s

1 I3 1 I2 = 0
+ +

V1 1 V2
s
I1
− −

Fig. 12.38
Applying KVL to Mesh 1,
⎛ 1⎞
V1 = 1 + I1 I3 ...(i)
⎝ s⎠
Applying KVL to Mesh 2,
1
V2 = I1 I3 ...(ii)
s
Applying KVL to Mesh 3,
⎛ 1⎞
− I1 + ⎜ 2 + ⎟ I 3 = 0
⎝ s⎠
...(iii)
⎛ s ⎞
I3 = ⎜ I1
⎝ 2 s + 1⎟⎠
Substituting Eq. (iii) in Eqs. (i) and (ii),

⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s +1 s ⎞ ⎡ s 2 + 3s
3s 1 ⎤
V1 = 1 + I1 − ⎜ ⎟ I1 = I1 = ⎢ ⎥ I1
⎝ s⎠ ⎝ 2 s 1⎠ ⎝ s 2 s 1⎠ ⎣ s (22 s + 1) ⎦
1 s ⎡ s 2 + 2 s + 1⎤
V2 = I1 + I1 = ⎢ ⎥ I1
s 2s + 1 ⎣ s ( 2 s + 1) ⎦
V1 s 2 + 3s3s 1
Hence, Z11 ( s) = =
I1 s ( 2 s 1)
V2 s 2 + 2s2s 1
Z12 ( s) = =
I1 s ( 2 s 1)
V2 s 2 + 2s
2s 1
G12 ( s) = = 2
V1 s + 3s3s 1
 12.5 Analysis of Non-Ladder Networks 12.19

Example 12.22 For the network shown in Fig.12.39, find the driving-point admittance Y11 and
transfer admittance Y12.

1Ω

I1 1F 1F I2

V1 +
− 1Ω 1Ω

Fig. 12.39

Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.40.

1
1 1
I1 s s I2
I3

V1 + 1
− 1 I2
I1

Fig. 12.40

Applying KVL to Mesh 1,

⎛1 ⎞ 1
V1 = + 1 I1 + I 2 − I 3 ...(i)
⎝s ⎠ s
Applying KVL to Mesh 2,

⎛ 1⎞ 1
0 1 2+ I 2 + I3 ...(ii)
⎝ s⎠ s
Applying KVL to Mesh 3,

1 1 ⎛2 ⎞
0 = − I1 + I 2 + ⎜ + 1⎟ I 3 ...(iii)
s s ⎝s ⎠
Writing these equations in matrix from,
⎡1 1 ⎤
⎢ s +1 1 −
s ⎥
⎡V1 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ I1 ⎤
⎢0⎥ = ⎢ 1 1 1 ⎥ ⎢I2 ⎥
2+
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ s s ⎥ ⎢I ⎥
⎣0⎦ ⎢ 1 1 2 ⎥ ⎣ 3⎦
⎢− + 1⎥
⎣ s s s ⎦
Δ
I1 = 1
Δ
12.20 Network Analysis and Synthesis

1 1
+1 1 −
s s
1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ 1 ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞ 1 ⎤ 1 ⎡ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤
Δ= 1 2+ = + 1⎟ ⎢⎜ 2 + ⎟ ⎜ + 1⎟ − 2 ⎥ −11 (1) + 1⎟ + 2 ⎥ − ⎢(1) ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2 + ⎟ ⎥
s s ⎝ s ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠
s s⎝ ⎠ s ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ s ⎠ s ⎦ s⎣ ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ s⎠ ⎦
1 1 2
− +1
s s s

s2 + 5 2
= 2
s
1
V1 1 −
s
1 1 ⎡⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ 1 ⎤ ⎛2 2
5s + 1⎞
5s
Δ1 = 0 2+ = V1 ⎢ 2 + ⎟ ⎜ + 1⎟ − 2 ⎥ = V1 ⎜ ⎟
s s ⎣ ⎝ ⎠
s s⎝ ⎠ s ⎦ ⎝ s2
⎠
1 2
0 +1
s s
⎛ 2 s 2 5s + 1⎞
I1 V1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ s + 5s5s 2 ⎠
I1 2 s 2 5s + 1
Hence, Y11 = =
V1 s 2 + 5s
5s 2
Δ
I2 = 2
Δ
1 1
+ 1 V1 −
s s
1 ⎛2 1⎞ ⎛ s 2 2 s + 1⎞
Δ2 = 1 0 = −V1 ⎜ + 1 + 2 ⎟ = −V1 ⎜ ⎟
s ⎝s s ⎠ ⎝ s2 ⎠
1 2
− 0 +1
s s
⎛ s 2 + 2s
2s 1 ⎞
I2 V1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ s + 5 2⎠
I2 s 2 + 2s
2s 1
Hence, Y12 = =− 2
V1 s + 5s5s 2

12.6 POLES AND ZEROS OF NETWORK FUNCTIONS

The network function F(s) can be written as ratio of two polynomials.

N ( s) an s n + an 1 s n −1 + … + a1 s + a0
F ( s) = =
D( s) bm s m + bm 1 s m −1 + … + b1 s + b0
where a0, a1, …, an and b0, b1, …, bm are the coefficients of the polynomials N(s) and D(s). These are real
and positive for networks of passive elements. Let N(s) = 0 have n roots as z1, z2, ……, zn and D(s) = 0
have m roots as p1, p2, ……, pm. Then F(s) can be written as
 12.8 Restrictions on Pole and Zero Locations for Transfer Functions 12.21

)( s z ) …( s zn )
( s z )(s
F ( s) = H
)( s p ) …( s pm )
( s p )(s
an
where is a constant called scale factor and z1, z2, …, zn, p1, p2, …, pm are complex frequencies. When
bm
the variable s has the values z1, z2, …, zn, the network function becomes zero; such complex frequencies
are known as the zeros of the network function. When the variable s has values p1, p2, …, pm, the network
function becomes infinite; such complex frequencies are known as the poles of the network function.
A network function is completely specified by its poles, zeros and the scale factor.
If the poles or zeros are not repeated, then the function is said to be having simple poles or simple zeros. If
the poles or zeros are repeated, then the function is said to be having multiple poles or multiple zeros. When
n > m, then (n – m) zeros are at s = ∞, and for m > n, (m − n) poles are at s = ∞.
The total number of zeros is equal to the total number of poles. For any
jw
network function, poles and zeros at zero and infinity are taken into account
in addition to finite poles and zeros.
Poles and zeros are critical frequencies. The network function becomes
infinite at poles, while the network function becomes zero at zeros. The s
0
network function has a finite, non-zero value at other frequencies.
Poles and zeros provide a representation of a network function as shown
in Fig. 12.41. The zeros are shown by circles and the poles by crosses. This
diagram is referred to as pole-zero plot. Fig. 12.41 Pole-zero plot

RESTRICTIONS ON POLE AND ZERO LOCATIONS FOR DRIVING-POINT

12.7
FUNCTIONS [COMMON FACTORS IN N(S) AND D(S) CANCELLED]
(1) The coefficients in the polynomials N(s) and D(s) must be real and positive.
(2) The poles and zeros, if complex or imaginary, must occur in conjugate pairs.
(3) The real part of all poles and zeros, must be negative or zero, i.e., the poles and zeros must lie in
left half of s plane.
(4) If the real part of pole or zero is zero, then that pole or zero must be simple.
(5) The polynomials N(s) and D(s) may not have missing terms between those of highest and lowest
degree, unless all even or all odd terms are missing.
(6) The degree of N(s) and D(s) may differ by either zero or one only. This condition prevents
multiple poles and zeros at s = ∞.
(7) The terms of lowest degree in N(s) and D(s) may differ in degree by one at most. This condition
prevents multiple poles and zeros at s = 0.

RESTRICTIONS ON POLE AND ZERO LOCATIONS FOR TRANSFER

12.8
FUNCTIONS [COMMON FACTORS IN N(S) AND D(S) CANCELLED]
(1) The coefficients in the polynomials N(s) and D(s) must be real, and those for D(s) must be positive.
(2) The poles and zeros, if complex or imaginary, must occur in conjugate pairs.
(3) The real part of poles must be negative or zero. If the real part is zero, then that pole must be
simple.
(4) The polynomial D(s) may not have any missing terms between that of highest and lowest degree,
unless all even or all odd terms are missing.
12.22 Network Analysis and Synthesis
(5) The polynomial N(s) may have terms missing between the terms of lowest and highest degree,
and some of the coefficients may be negative.
(6) The degree of N(s) may be as small as zero, independent of the degree of D(s).
(7) For voltage and current transfer functions, the maximum degree of N(s) is the degree of D(s).
(8) For transfer impedance and admittance functions, the maximum degree of N(s) is the degree of
D(s) plus one.

Example 12.23 Test whether the following represent driving-point immittance functions.

5s4 + 3s
3 2 − 2s + 1 s3 + s 2 + 5s+ 2 s 2 + 3s+ 2
(a) (b) (c)
s3 6s
6 20 s4 + 6s3 + 9s 2 s 2 + 6s+ 2

Solution
(a) The numerator and denominator polynomials have a missing term between those of highest and lowest
degree and one of the coefficient is negative in numerator polynomial. Hence, the function does not
represent a driving-point immittance function.
(b) The term of lowest degree in numerator and denominator polynomials differ in degree by two. Hence, the
function does not represent a driving-point immittance function.
(c) The function satisfies all the necessary conditions. Hence, it represents a driving-point immittance function.

Example 12.24 Test whether the following represent transfer functions.

3s+ 2 2s 2 + 5s+ 1 1
(a) G21 = 3 2
(b) a 12 = (c) Z 21 = 3
5s + 4s + 1 s+7 s + 2s

Solution
(a) The polynomial D(s) has a missing term between that of highest and lowest degree. Hence, the function
does not represent a transfer function.
(b) The degree of N(s) is greater than D(s). Hence the function does not represent a transfer function.
(c) The function satisfies all the necessary conditions. Hence, it represents a transfer function.

Example 12.25 Obtain the pole-zero plot of the following functions.

s(s+
( 2) s(s+
( 1)
(a) F(s) = (b) F(s) =
(s+ 1)(s
1 + 3)
3 (s+ 22)2 (s+ 3)

s(s+
( 2) 1 2 (s+ 5)
(s+ 1)
(c) F(s) = (d) F(s) =
(s+ 1+ j1)(s+ 1 - j1) 2 + 3 + j2)(s+ 3 - j2)
(s+ 2)(s

s2 + 4
(e) F(s) =
(s+ 22)(s 2 + 9)
9
 12.8 Restrictions on Pole and Zero Locations for Transfer Functions 12.23
Solution
(a) The function F(s) has zeros at s = 0 and s = − 2 and poles at s = − 1 and s = − 3.
The pole-zero plot is shown in Fig. 12.42.
jw

s
−3 −2 −1 0

Fig. 12.42
(b) The function F(s) has zeros at s = 0 and s = −1 and poles at s = −2, −2 and s = −3.
The pole-zero plot is shown in Fig. 12.43.
jw

s
−3 −2 −1 0

Fig. 12.43
(c) The function F(s) has zeros at s = 0 and s = −2 and poles at s = −1 −j1 and s = −1 + j1.
The pole-zero plot is shown in Fig. 12.44.
jw

j1

s
−2 −1 0

−j 1

Fig. 12.44
(d) The function F (s) has zeros at s = −1, −1 and s = −5 and poles at s = −2, s = −3 + j2 and s = −3 − j2. The
pole-zero plot is shown in Fig. 12.45.
jw

j2
j1
s
0
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−j 1
−j 2

Fig. 12.45
12.24 Network Analysis and Synthesis
(e) The function F (s) has zeros at s = j2 and s = −j2 and poles at s = −2, s = j3 and s = −j3. The pole-zero
plot is shown in Fig. 12.46.

jw

j3
j2
j1
s
−2 −1 0
−j 1
−j 2
−j 3

Fig. 12.46

Example 12.26 Find poles and zeros of the impedance of the network shown in Fig. 12.47 and plot
them on the s-plane.
1F

1
Z (s) 2Ω H
2

Fig. 12.47

Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.48. 1

s
s
×2
1 2 1 2s 2 s 2 + s + 4 2(s
2(( 2 .5s + 2)
Z ( s) = + = + = = Z (s) 2
s
s s s s+4 s (s ) s (s ) 2
+2
2
2 ( s + 0.25 + j1.4)( s + 0.25 − j1.4)
=
s ( + 4) Fig. 12.48
The function Z (s) has zeros at s = −0.25 + j1.4 and s = −0.25 − j1.4 and poles at s = 0 and s = −4 as shown
in Fig. 12.49.

jw

j 1.4

0 s
−4 −3 −2 − 1 − 0.25
− j 1 .4

Fig. 12.49
 12.8 Restrictions on Pole and Zero Locations for Transfer Functions 12.25

Example 12.27 Determine the poles and zeros of the impedance function Z (s) in the network
shown in Fig. 12.50.
1
Ω
2

Z (s) 1
4F Ω
6

Fig. 12.50
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.51.
1
2

Z (s) 1 1
4s 6

Fig. 12.51

1 1
×
1 4s 6 1 1 4s + 8 s + 2 0.. ( s + 2)
Z ( s) = + = + = = =
2 1 1 2 4 s + 6 2(( s ) 2 s + 3 s +1 5
+
4s 6
The function Z(s) has zero at s = −2 and pole at s = −1.5.

Example 12.28 Determine Z(s) in the network shown in Fig. 12.52. Find poles and zeros of Z(s)
and plot them on s-plane.
1H

Z (s) 1
20
F 4Ω

Fig. 12.52
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.53.
s

Z (s) 20
s 4

Fig. 12.53
12.26 Network Analysis and Synthesis

20
×4
80 20 s ( s ) + 20 s 2 + 5s + 20
Z ( s) = s + s = s+ = s+ = =
20 4 s + 20 s+5 s+5 s+5
+4
s
( s + 2.5 + j 3.71)( s + 2.5 − j 3.71)
=
s+5

The function Z(s) has zeros at s = –2.5 + j3.71 and s = –2.5 –j 3.71 and pole at s = –5.
The pole-zero diagram is shown in Fig. 12.54.
jw

j 3.71

s
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0

−j 3.71

Fig. 12.54

I0
Example 12.29 For the network shown in Fig. 12.55, plot poles and zeros of function .
Ii
I0

4Ω

Ii 0.5 F

2H

Fig. 12.55
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.56.
By current-division rule, I0

⎛ ⎞ 4
⎜ 4 2s ⎟ 2
I0 Ii ⎜ Ii
2⎟ s
⎜ 4 + 2s + ⎟
⎝ s⎠ 2s

I0 s ( 4 2 s) s ( s + 2) s ( s + 2)
= = =
I i 4 s 2s2 + 2 s2 + 2s + 1 ( s +
+1)( s + 1) Fig. 12.56

The function has zeros at s = 0 and s = –2 and double poles at s = –1.

The pole-zero diagram is shown in Fig. 12.57.
 12.8 Restrictions on Pole and Zero Locations for Transfer Functions 12.27
jw

s
−4 −3 −2 −1 0

Fig. 12.57

Example 12.30 Draw the pole-zero diagram of I 2 for the network shown in Fig. 12.58.
I1
I2

10 H
I1 250 μF

200 Ω

Fig. 12.58
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.59.
I2

10s
1
I1
250 × 10−6s
200

Fig. 12.59
By current-division rule,
1
I 2 I1 250 × 10 −6 s
1
+ 10 s + 200
250 × 10 −6 s
I2 400 400
= 2 =
I1 s + 20 s + 400 ( s + 10 1 − j17
17 32)( s + 10 + j17.32)
The function has no zero and poles at s = –10 + j17.32 and s = −10 −j17.32.
The pole-zero diagram is shown in Fig. 12.60.
jw

j17.32

s
−10 0

− 17.32
−j

Fig. 12.60
12.28 Network Analysis and Synthesis

Vc
Example 12.31 For the network shown in Fig. 12.61, draw pole-zero plot of .
V1
I1 1Ω

+ − 1H 1 Vc
V1 2Vc 5I1 F
− + 2

Fig. 12.61
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.62.
I1 1 c
+

+ − s 2 Vc
V1 2Vc 5I1
− + s

Fig. 12.62
Applying KVL to the left loop,
V1 − 1I1 + 2Vc = 0
I1 = V1 + 2Vc
Applying KCL at Node C,
Vc Vc
5 I1 + + =0
s 2
s
Vc s
5 (V1 2Vc ) + + Vc =0
s 2
Vc s
5V1 10 Vc + + Vc =0
s 2
⎛ 20 s + 2 + s 2 ⎞
Vc ⎜ ⎟ = −5V1
⎝ 2s ⎠
Vc 10 s 10 s
=− =− jw
V1 2
s + 20 s + 2 ( s + 0.1)( s + 19.9)
The function has zero at s = 0 and poles at s = − 0.1 and s = −19.9.
The pole-zero diagram is shown in Fig. 12.63.
s
−20 −2 − 1 − 0.1 0

Fig. 12.63
 12.8 Restrictions on Pole and Zero Locations for Transfer Functions 12.29

Example 12.32 Find the driving point admittance function and draw pole-zero plot for the network
shown in Fig. 12.64.

I1 2 2
+

+ − 0.5s
V1 0.1V2 10I1 1 V2
− +

Fig. 12.64

Solution Applying KVL to the left loop,

V1 2 I1 0.1 V2 0
V 0 1 V2
I1 = 1 ...(i)
2
Applying KCL at Node 2,

V2 V2
10 I1 + + =0
0 5s 1
2
10 I1 + V2 V2 = 0
s
⎛2 ⎞
10 I1 + +1 2 0
⎝s ⎠

⎛ 2 + s⎞
10 I1 + ⎜ V2 = 0
⎝ s ⎟⎠

⎛ s + 2⎞
⎜⎝ ⎟ V2 10 I1
s ⎠
10 s
V2 = − I1 ...(ii)
s+2
Substituting Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i),
⎛ 10 s ⎞
V1 + 0 1 I
⎝ s + 2⎠ 1 ⎛ 10 s ⎞
I1 = = 0.55V
V1 + 0 05 I1
2 ⎝ s + 2⎠
⎛ 0 5s ⎞
I1 ⎜1 + = 0 5V1
⎝ s + 2 ⎟⎠
I1 05 0.5 ( s + 2) 0 5s + 1
Hence, Y11 = = = =
V1 0 5s s + 0 5s + 2 1 5s + 2
1+
s+2
12.30 Network Analysis and Synthesis
The function has zero at s = −2 and pole at s = −1.33. The pole-zero diagram is shown in Fig 12.65.

jw

s
− 3 − 2 −1.33 − 1 0

Fig. 12.65

V2 V
Example 12.33 For the network shown in Fig. 12.66, determine . Plot the pole-zero diagram of 2 .
Ig Ig
1H I2 = 0
+

Ig 1Ω 1F 1F V2

Fig. 12.66
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.67.
Va s Ib Vb Vc I2 = 0
+
1 1
Ig 1 s s 1 V2

Fig. 12.67
Vc Vb = V2
Vb Vc
Ib = + = sV
V2 + V2 ( s + 1)V2
1 1
s
Va s I b Vb = s ( s + 1)V2 V2 = ( s 2 + s + 1)V2
Va Va
Ig = + + I b = ( s 2 + s + 1)V2 s ( s2 s +11)V2 + ( s +11)V2 = ( s3 + 2 2
+ 3s + 2)V2
1 1
s
V2 1
Hence, =
I g s3 2s2 3s + 2

The function has no zeros. It has poles at s = −1, s = −0.5 + j1.32 and s = −0.5 –j1.32,
The pole-zero diagram is shown in Fig. 12.68.
 12.8 Restrictions on Pole and Zero Locations for Transfer Functions 12.31
jw

j1.32

s
0
−2 −1 − 0.5

−j1.32

Fig. 12.68

V0 10
Example 12.34 For the transfer function H(s) = = 2 , realise the function using the
Vi s + 3s+ 10
network shown in Fig. 12.69. Find L and C when R = 5 W.
L
+

Vi + C R V0
−

Fig. 12.69
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 12.70.
Ls
+

Vi + 1
R V0
− Cs

Fig. 12.70
Simplifying the network as shown in Fig. 12.71,
Ls
+

Vi +
Z (s) V0
−

Fig. 12.71
1
R×
Cs R
Z ( s) = =
1 C +1
RCs
R+
Cs
12.32 Network Analysis and Synthesis

R
V0 Vi RCsC +1
R
Ls +
C +1
RCs
1
V0 R LC
= = ...(i)
Vi RLC s 2 + Ls + R 1 1
s2 + s+
RC LC
But V0 10 ...(ii)
=
Vi s 2 + 3s
3s 10
and R=5Ω
Comparing Eq. (ii) with Eq. (i),
1
=3
RC
1
= 10
LC
Solving the above equations,
L = 1.5 H
1
C= F
15

Example 12.35 Obtain the impedance function Z(s) for which pole-zero diagram is shown in Fig. 12.72.
jw

Z (∞ ) = 1

s
−3 −2 −1 0

Fig. 12.72
Solution The function Z(s) has poles at s = –1 and s = –3 and zeros at s = 0 and s = –2.
⎛ 2⎞
s 2 ⎜1 + ⎟
s (s ) ⎝ s⎠
Z ( s) = H =H
( s )(s)( ) ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
s 2 ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ s⎠ ⎝ s⎠
For s = ∞,
1
Z( ) H =H
( )( )
When Z(∞) = 1,
H=1
s (s )
Z ( s) =
( s ))(s
(
(s )
 12.8 Restrictions on Pole and Zero Locations for Transfer Functions 12.33

Example 12.36 Obtain the admittance function Y(s) for which the pole-zero diagram is shown in
Fig. 12.73.
jw

j1 Y( ∞ ) = 1

s
−2 −1 0

−j 1

Fig. 12.73
Solution The function Y(s) has poles at s = –1 + j1 and s = −1 −j1 and zeros at s = 0 and s = −2.
⎛ 2⎞
s 2 ⎜1 + ⎟
s (s ) s (s ) s (s ) ⎝ s⎠
Y ( s) = H =H =H 2 =H
(s j )( s j) (s )2 (j ) 2
s + 2s + 2 ⎛ 2 2⎞
s 2 ⎜1 + + 2 ⎟
⎝ s s ⎠
For s = ∞,
()
Y( ) H =H
()
When Y (∞) = 1,
H=1
s (s )
Y ( s) = 2
s + 2s + 2

Example 12.37 A network and its pole-zero configuration are shown in Fig. 12.74. Determine the
values of R, L and C if Z (j0) = 1.

jw

j √111
R 2

Z (s) 1
s
Cs 0
Ls −3 − 1.5
5

−j √111
2

Fig. 12.74

1 1⎛ R⎞
( Ls R)
Ls + R ⎜⎝ s + ⎟⎠
Cs = C L
Solution Z ( s) = 2
= ...(i)
( Ls R) +
1 LCs
C RCs + 1 s 2 + R s + 1
RCs
Cs L LC
12.34 Network Analysis and Synthesis

111 111
From the pole-zero diagram, zero is at s = –3 and poles are at s 15 j ds 15 j
2 2
s+3
Z ( s) = H
⎛ 111 ⎞ ⎛ 111 ⎞
⎜s 1 5 j ⎟ ⎜ s 15 j
2 ⎟⎠
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝
s+3 s+3
Z ( s) = H 2
=H 2
⎛ 111 ⎞ s + 3 + 30
( s + 1.5)2 − ⎜ j 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
When Z (j0) = 1,
⎛ 3⎞
1= H ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 30 ⎠
H = 10
10 ( s + 3) ...(ii)
Z ( s) = 2
s + 3 30
Comparing Eq. (ii) with Eq. (i),
R
=3
L
1
= 10
C
1
= 30
LC
Solving the above equations,
1
C= F
10
1
L= H
3
R =1Ω

Example 12.38 A network is shown in Fig. 12.75. The poles and zeros of the driving-point function
Z(s) of this network are at the following places:
1 3
Poles at − ± j
2 2
Zero at –1
If Z (j0) = 1, determine the values of R, L and C.

R
1
Z (s)
Cs
Ls

Fig. 12.75
 12.8 Restrictions on Pole and Zero Locations for Transfer Functions 12.35

1 1⎛ R⎞
( Ls R)
Ls + R ⎜⎝ s + ⎟⎠
Solution Cs = C L ...(i)
Z ( s) = 2
=
Ls + R +
1 LCs
C RCs + 1 s 2 + s + 1
RCs R
Cs L L
LC
1 3
The poles are at − ± j and zero is at –1.
2 2
s +1 s +1 s +1
Z ( s) = H =H =H
⎛ 1 3⎞ ⎛ 1 3⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
2
⎛ 3⎞
2 2
s + s +1
⎜s 2 j ⎟ ⎜ s j
2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ s j
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
When Z (j0) = 1,
(1)
1= H
(1)
H =1
s +1
Z ( s) = ...(ii)
2
s + s +1
Comparing Eq. (ii) with Eq. (i),
C =1
R
=1
L
1
=1
LC
Solving the above equations,
C=1F
L=1H
R=1Ω

Example 12.39 The pole-zero diagram of the driving-point impedance function of the network of
Fig. 12.76 is shown below. At dc, the input impedance is resistive and equal to 2 W. Determine the values of
R, L and C.
jw

j4
R
1
Z (s) Cs s
0
Ls −2 −1

−j 4

Fig. 12.76

1 1⎛ R⎞
( Ls R)
Ls + R ⎜⎝ s + ⎟⎠
Cs = C L
Solution Z ( s) = 2
= ...(i)
Ls + R +
1 LCs
C RCs + 1 s 2 + s + 1
RCs R
Cs L L
LC
From the pole-zero diagram, zero is at s = –2 and poles are at s = –1+ j4 and s = −1 − j4.
12.36 Network Analysis and Synthesis

s+2 s+2 s+2

Z ( s) = H =H =H
(s j )( s j ) (s )2 ( j )2 s 2 + 2 s + 17
At dc, i.e., w = 0, Z ( j0) = 2
2
2= H
17
H = 17
s+2
Z ( s) = 17 ...(ii)
s 2 + 2 s 17
Comparing Eq. (ii) with Eq. (i),
1
= 17
C
R
=2
L
1
= 17
LC
Solving the above equations,
1
C= F
17
L =1H
R=2Ω

Example 12.40 The network shown in Fig. 12.77 has the driving-point admittance Y (s) of the form
(s − s1 )(s s )
( =H
Y(s)
(s − s )
(a) Express s1, s2, s3 in terms of R, L and C.
(b) When s1 = –10 + j104, s2 = –10 – j104 and Y (j0) = 10–1 mho, find the values of R, L and C and
determine the value of s3.

Ls
1
Y (s)
Cs
R

Fig. 12.77
Solution
⎛ R 1 ⎞
C s2 + s + ⎟
1 ( Ls R) Cs
(Ls C + 1 LCs
C RCs 2
RCs + 1 ⎝ L LC ⎠
(a) Y ( s) = Cs + = = = ...(i)
Ls + R Ls + R Ls + R R
s+
L
H ( s s ))(s
(s s )
But Y ( s) =
(s s )
 12.8 Restrictions on Pole and Zero Locations for Transfer Functions 12.37

2
R ⎛ R⎞ 4
− ± ⎜ ⎟ −
L ⎝ L⎠ LC R ⎛ R⎞
2
1
where s1 s2 = =− ± ⎜ ⎟ −
2 2L ⎝ 2L ⎠ LC
R
s3 = −
L
(b) When s1 = −10 + j104
s2 = − 10 − j104
4 4
(s j ))(( s j ) s 2 + 200 s + 108
Y ( s) = H =H ...(ii)
s s3 s s3
Comparing Eq. (ii) with Eq. (i),
R
= 20
L
s3 = −20
( s 2 + 200 s + 108 )
Y ( s) = H
( s + 20)
At s = j0,
8
( )
Y( j ) = H = 10 −1
20
H = 0.02 10 −6
( s2 s 8
)
Y ( s) = 0.02 10 −6 ...(iii)
( s + 20)
Comparing Eq. (iii) with Eq. (i),
0 × 10 −6 = 0.02 μF
C = 0.02
1
= 108
LC
1
L= H
2
R
= 20
L
R = 10 Ω

Example 12.41 A network and pole-zero diagram for driving-point impedance Z(s) are shown in
Fig. 12.78. Calculate the values of the parameters R, L, G and C if Z(j0) = 1.
jw

j3
R j2
j1
Z (s) G 1
s
Cs 0
Ls −3 −2 −1 − j1
− j2
− j3

Fig. 12.78
12.38 Network Analysis and Synthesis
Solution It is easier to calculate Y(s) and then invert it to obtain Z(s).

1 (G Cs C 2
C )( Lss R) + 1 LCs (GL
G RC ) s + 1 + GR
Y ( s) = G Cs
C + = =
Ls + R Ls + R Ls + R
1⎛ R⎞
⎜ s + ⎟⎠
1 Ls + R C⎝ L
Z( ) = = = ...(i)
C 2
Y ( ) LCs ( ) s + 1 + GR s 2 + ⎛ + ⎞ s + ⎛ 1 + GR ⎞
G R
⎝ C L ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝
LC ⎠
⎟

From the pole-zero diagram, zero is at s = –2 and poles are at s = –3 ± j3.

(s ) (s ) s+2
Z ( s) = H =H 2 2
=H
(s j )( s j ) (s ) (j ) 2
s + 6 s + 18

When Z (j0) = 1,
2
1= H
18
H =9
9( 2)
Z( s) = ...(ii)
2
(s + 6 18)
Comparing Eq. (ii) with Eq. (i),
1
=9
C
R
=2
L
G R
+ =6
C L
1 + GR
= 18
LC
Solving the above equation,
1
C= F
9
9
L= H
10
4
G= �
9
9
R= Ω
5

Example 12.42 A series R-L-C circuit has its driving-point admittance and pole-zero diagram is
shown in Fig. 12.79. Find the values of R, L and C.
 12.9 Time-Domain Behaviour from the Pole-Zero Plot 12.39

jw

j 25
Scale factor = 1
s
−1 0

−j 25

Fig. 12.79
Solution The function Y (s) has poles at s = –1 + j25 and s = –1 – j25 and zero at s = 0.
s s s
Y ( s) = H =H 2 2
=H
(s j ))(s
(s j ) (s ) (j ) 2
s + 2 s + 626
Scale factor H=1
s
Y ( s) = ...(i)
s 2 + 2 s + 626
For a series RLC circuit,
⎛ R 1 ⎞
L s2 + s + ⎟
1 LCs
C R
RCs
C 2
Cs + 1 ⎝ L LC ⎠
Z ( s) = R + Ls + = =
Cs Cs s
1 s
Y ( s) = = ...(ii)
Z ( s) ⎛ R 1 ⎞
L ⎜ s2 + s + ⎟
⎝ L LC ⎠
Comparing Eq. (i) with Eq. (ii),
L =1H
1
= 626
LC
1
C= F
626
R
=2
L
R=2Ω

12.9 TIME-DOMAIN BEHAVIOUR FROM THE POLE-ZERO PLOT

The time-domain behaviour of a system can be determined from the pole-zero plot. Consider a network
function
( s z )(s
)( s z )… ( s zn )
F ( s) = H
( s p )(s
)( s p )… ( s pm )
The poles of this function determine the time-domain behaviour of f(t).The function f(t) can be determined
from the knowledge of the poles, the zeros and the scale factor H. Figure 12.80 shows some pole locations
and the corresponding time-domain response.
12.40 Network Analysis and Synthesis
(i) When pole is at origin, i.e., at s = 0, the function f(t) represents steady-state response of the
circuit i.e., dc value. (Fig. 12.80)
jw f (t)

s
0
t
0

Fig. 12.80 Pole at origin

(ii) When pole lies in the left half of the s-plane, the response decreases exponentially. (Fig. 12.81)
jw f (t)

s
0
t
0

Fig. 12.81 Pole in left half of the s-plane

(iii) When pole lies in the right half of the s-plane, the response increases exponentially. A pole in the
right-half plane gives rise to unbounded response and unstable system. (Fig. 12.82)
jw f (t)

s
0
t
0

Fig. 12.82 Pole in right half of the s-plane

(iv) For s = 0 +jwn, the response becomes f (t) = Ae± jwnt = A(cos wnt ± j sin wnt).The exponential
response e ± jwnt may be interpreted as a rotating phasor of unit length. A positive sign of
exponential e jwnt indicates counterclockwise rotation, while a negative sign of exponential
e−jwnt indicates clockwise rotation. The variation of exponential function e jwnt with time is thus
sinusoidal and hence constitutes the case of sinusoidal steady state. (Fig. 12.83)
f (t)

jw

s t
0 0

Fig. 12.83 Poles on jw -axis

 12.9 Time-Domain Behaviour from the Pole-Zero Plot 12.41

(v) For s = sn + jwn, the response becomes f (t) = Aest = Ae(sn+jwnt) = Aesnt ejwnt. The response esnt is
an exponentially increasing or decreasing function. The response ejwnt is a sinusoidal function.
Hence, the response of the product of these responses will be over damped sinusoids or under
damped sinusoids (Fig. 12.84).
f (t)
jw

s t
0 0

(a)

f (t)
jw

s t
0 0

(b)

Fig. 12.84 (a) Complex conjugate poles in left half of the S-plane
(b) Complex conjugate poles in right half of the S-plane
(vi) The real part s of the pole is the displacement of the pole from the imaginary axis. Since s is
also the damping factor, a greater value of s (i.e., a greater displacement of the pole from the
imaginary axis) means that response decays more rapidly with time. The poles with greater
displacement from the real axis correspond to higher frequency of oscillation (Fig. 12.85).
f (t)

jw

t
0
s
0
f (t)

t
0

(a)

Fig. 12.85 Nature of response with different positions of poles

12.42 Network Analysis and Synthesis
f (t)

jw
t
0

s
0
f (t)

t
0

(b)

Fig. 12.85 (Continued)

12.9.1 Stability of the Network

Stability of the network is directly related to the location of poles in the s-plane.
(i) When all the poles lie in the left half of the s-plane, the network is said to be stable.
(ii) When the poles lie in the right half of the s-plane, the network is said to be unstable.
(iii) When the poles lie on the jw axis, the network is said to be marginally stable.
(iv) When there are multiple poles on the jw axis, the network is said to be unstable.
(v) When the poles move away from jw axis towards the left half of the s-plane, the relative stability of
the network improves.

12.10 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF RESIDUE

Consider a network function,
( s z )(s
)( s z ) ( s zn )
F ( s) = H
( s p )(s
)( s p ) ( s pm )
By partial fraction expansion,
K1 K2 Km
F ( s) = + + +
(s p ) (s p ) ( s pm )
The residue Ki is given by
(p z )(
)( p z ) (p zn )
Ki ( s − p ) F ( s ) |s → p H
i (p p )(
)( p p ) (p pm )
Each term (pi – zi) represents a phasor drawn from zero zi to pole pi.
Each term (pi – pk), i ≠ k, represents a phasor drawn from other poles to the pole pi.
Product of phasors (polar form) from each zero to pi
Ki H
Product of phasor
a s (polar form) from other poles to pi
 12.10 Graphical Method for Determination of Residue 12.43

The residues can be obtained by graphical method in the following way:

(1) Draw the pole-zero diagram for the given network function.
(2) Measure the distance from each of the other poles to a given pole.
(3) Measure the distance from each of the other zeros to a given pole.
(4) Measure the angle from each of the other poles to a given pole.
(5) Measure the angle from each of the other zeros to a given pole.
(6) Substitute these values in the required residue equation.
The graphical method can be used if poles are simple and complex. But it cannot be used when there are
multiple poles.
2s
Example 12.43 s =
The current I(s) in a network is given by I(s) . Plot the pole-zero
pattern in the s-plane and hence obtain i(t). (s + 1)(s + 2)

Solution Poles are at s = –1 and s = –2 and zero is at s = 0. The pole-zero plot is shown in Fig. 12.86.
By partial-fraction expansion,
K1 K
I ( s) = + 2
s +1 s + 2
jw

s
−2 −1 0

Fig. 12.86
The coefficients K1 and K2, often referred as residues, can be evaluated from he pole-zero diagram. From
Fig. 12.87,
Phasor from zero at origin to pole at A ⎛ 1∠180° ⎞
K1 H = 2⎜ = 2 ∠180° = −2
Phasor from pole at B to pole ata A ⎝ 1∠0° ⎟⎠

jw

B A
s
−2 −1 0

Fig. 12.87

From Fig. 12.88,

Phasor from zero at origin to pole at B ⎛ 2 ∠180
80° ⎞
K2 H = 2⎜ =4
Phasor from pole at A to pole at
a B ⎝ 1 80° ⎟⎠
12.44 Network Analysis and Synthesis
jw

B A
s
0
−2 −1

Fig. 12.88

2 4
I ( s) = − +
s +1 s + 2
Taking inverse Laplace transform,
i (t) = –2e−t + 4e−2t

Example 12.44 The voltage V(s) of a network is given by

3s
V ( s) =
(s )( s 2
)(s
)( s )
Plot its pole-zero diagram and hence obtain v (t).
3s 3s
Solution V ( s) = 2
=
(s )( s
)(s
)( s ) (s )(s
)(
)( s j ))(s
(s j)

Poles are at s = –2 and s = –1 ± j1 and zero is at s = 0 as shown in Fig. 12.89.

jw

B
j1

A
s
−2 −1 0

−1
−j
C

Fig. 12.89
By partial-fraction expansion,

K1 K2 K 2*
V ( s) = + +
s + 2 s 1 j1 s 1 j1
The coefficients K1, K2 and K2* can be evaluated from the pole-zero diagram.
From Fig. 12.90,
3 (OA) ⎡ 2∠180
80° ⎤
K1 = = 3⎢ ⎥ = 3 180° = −3
( BA) (CA) ⎣ ( 2 − 135 35 ) ⎦
35 ) ( 2 135
 12.10 Graphical Method for Determination of Residue 12.45

jw

B
j1
√2
135°
A 180°
s
0
−2 −1
135°
√2
−j 1
C

Fig. 12.90
From Fig. 12.91,
3 (OB) ⎡ ( 2 135
35 ) ⎤ 3
K2 = = 3⎢ ⎥=
( AB ) (CB) ⎣ ( 2 45
5 ) ( 2 90 )⎦ 2
3
K 2* =
2
jw

B
j1
√2 √2
A 45° 135°
s
0
−2 −1
90°
−1
−j
C

Fig. 12.91
3 3
3 2 2
V ( s) = − + +
(s ) (s j) (s j)
Taking inverse Laplace transform,

3 ( 3 ⎛ e j1 + e − j1 ⎞
v(t ) = −3e −2tt ⎡e j )t
)t
+ e( j )t ⎤
3e 2t
+ 2 × e−t ⎜ ⎟ = −3e
2t
3e t cos t
2⎣ ⎦ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠

Example 12.45 Find the function v(t) using the pole-zero plot of following function:

(s + 2)(s + 6)
V(s) =
(s + 1)(s + 5)
Solution If the degree of the numerator is greater or equal to the degree of the denominator, we have to
divide the numerator by the denominator such that the remainder can be expanded into partial fractions.
12.46 Network Analysis and Synthesis

s 2 + 8 s + 12 2s + 7 2(s
( .5)
V ( s) = = 1+ = 1+
2
s + 6s + 5 2
s + 6s + 5 ( s )(s
)( )

By partial fraction expansion,

K1 K
V ( s) = 1 + + 2
s +1 s + 5
K1 and K2 can be evaluated from the pole-zero diagram shown in Fig. 12.92 and Fig. 12.93.
jw jw

s s
0 0
−5 − 3.5 −1 −5 −3.5 −1

Fig. 12.92 Fig. 12.93

From Fig. 12.92
⎛ 2 5∠0° ⎞ 5
K1 = 2 ⎜ =
⎝ 4 ∠0° ⎟⎠ 4
From Fig. 12.93
⎛ 1 5∠180
80° ⎞ 3
K2 = 2 ⎜ =
⎝ 4 ∠180° ⎟⎠ 4
5 3
V ( s) = 1 + 4 + 4
s +1 s + 5
Taking inverse Laplace transform,
5 −tt 3
v (t ) = δ (t
(t ) e + e 5t
4 4

Example 12.46 The pole-zero plot of the driving-point impedance of a network is shown in
Fig. 12.94. Find the time-domain response.
jw

j1 Scale factor = 5

s
−1 0

−1
−j

Fig. 12.94
Solution The function Z(s) has poles at s = −1 + j1 and s = −1 −j1 and zero at s = 0.
 12.10 Graphical Method for Determination of Residue 12.47

s
Z ( s) = H
(s j )( s j)
Scale factor H=5 jw

5s
Z ( s) =
(s j )( s j) j1
A
By partial fraction expansion,
s
K1 K1*
Z ( s) = + −1 0
s 1 j1 s 1 j1
−1
−j
The coefficients K1 d K1* can be evaluated from the pole-zero B

diagram. From Fig. 12.95, Fig. 12.95

5 (OA) 5 ( 2 135
35 )
K1 = = = 3 54 ∠455°
( BA) 2∠90°
K1* = 3 54 ∠ 455°
3.54 ∠45
5° 3.54 ∠ 455°
Z ( s) = +
s 1 j1 s 1 j1
Taking inverse Laplace transform,
z(t) = 3.54 ∠ 45° e(−1−j1)t + 3.54 ∠−45°e(−1+j1)t

4s
Example 12.47 Evaluate amplitude and phase of the network function F(s) = 2
from the
s 2s 2
pole-zero plot at s = j2.
4s 4s
Solution F ( s) = =
s2 + 2s + 2 (s j )( s j)
The pole-zero plot is shown in Fig. 12.96.
At s = j2,
jw

j2

j1

s
−1 0
−j 1

Fig. 12.96

Product of phasor magnitudes from all zero to j 2 2

| |= = = 0.447
Product of phaso
h r magnitudes from all poles to j 2 ( 2 ) ( 10 )
12.48 Network Analysis and Synthesis

⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
φ ( ) = tan −1 tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ − tan −1 90° 71.56° − 45
4 ° = −26.56°
⎝ 0⎠ ⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 1⎠

Example 12.48 Using the pole-zero plot, find magnitude and phase of the function
(s )(
)(s )
F ( s) = at s j 4.
s (s )

(s )(
)(s )
Solution F ( s) =
s (s )

The pole-zero plot is shown in Fig. 12.97.

At s = j4,
jw

j4

s
0
−3 −2 −1

Fig. 12.97

Product of phasor magnitudes from all zeros to j 4 ( ) ( )

⎪ ( j )⎪= = = 1.15
product of phaso
p r magnitudes from all poles to j 4 ( )( )

⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
φ (ω ) = tan −1 tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ − tan1 tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 75.96° + 53.13° − 90° − 63.43° = −24.34°
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 0⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

Example 12.49 Plot amplitude and phase response for

s
F(s) =
s 10
Solution
jω
F( j ) =
jω + 10
ω
⎪F(( j )⎪=
ω 2 + 100
 12.10 Graphical Method for Determination of Residue 12.49

F(jw)
v ÃF(jv)Ã
0 0
1
10 0.707
0.7
100 0.995
1000 1
w
The amplitude response is shown in Fig. 12.98. 0 10 100 1000

⎛ω⎞ ⎛ω⎞ ⎛ω⎞ Fig. 12.98

φ (ω ) = tan −1 tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 90° − tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
f (w)

v e (v)
0 90° 90°

10 45°
45°
100 5.7°
1000 0° w
10 100 1000
The phase response is shown in Fig. 12.99
Fig. 12.99
s 10
Example 12.50 Sketch amplitude and phase response for F(s) =
s 10
Solution
F(jw)
jω + 10
F( j ) =
jω − 10
ω 2 + 100 1
⎪F ( fω )⎪=
ω 2 + 100 w
0
For all w, magnitude is unity.
The amplitude response is shown in Fig. 12.100. Fig. 12.100
⎛ω⎞ ⎛ ω⎞ ⎛ω⎞
φ (ω ) = tan −1 tan −1 ⎜ − ⎟ = 2 tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
f (w)
The phase response is shown in Fig. 12.101.
180°
v e(v) 90°
0 0°
10 90°
w
100 168.6° 0 10 100 1000
1000 178.9° Fig. 12.101
12.50 Network Analysis and Synthesis

Exercises
V1 I1 2H 1H I2 = 0
12.1 Determine the driving-point impedance , 1 2
I1 + +
V2 V1 2F 2F V2
transfer impedance and voltage transfer
I1
V2 − −
ratio for the network shown in Fig. 12.102. 1′ 2′
V1
Fig. 12.104
I1 5Ω 2Ω I2 = 0
+ + ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
⎢ Z 21 = 3 , G21 = 4 2 ⎥
⎣ 2 s 3 s 4 s 7 s + 1 ⎦
2H 1
V1 F V2
2
12.4 For the two-port network shown in Fig.
− − 12.105, determine Z11, Z21 and voltage transfer
ratio G21(s).
Fig. 12.102
I1 2H 2Ω

⎡V1 7 s 7 s + 5 V2
2
2s + +
⎢ = ; = 2 ;
⎣ I1 s 2 s 1 I1 s + s + 1 V1 1F 1H V2
V2 2s ⎤
= 2 − −
V1 7 s 7 s + 5 ⎥⎦
Fig. 12.105
12.2 For the network shown in Fig. 12.103,
V V ⎡ 2ss3 s 2 + 3s 2 s
determine 2 and 2 . ⎢ Z11 = , Z 21 = 2 ,
V1 I1 ⎣
2
s + 2s
2s 1 s + 2s
2s 1
s ⎤
2H G21 = 3 ⎥
I1 I2 = 0 2ss 2
s + 3s 2 ⎦
1 F
+ 2 + 12.5 Draw the pole-zero diagram of the following
network functions:
1 1
V1 F F V2
2 2
s2 + 4
(i) F ( s) =
− − s2 + 6s + 4

Fig. 12.103 5 s − 12
(ii) F ( s) = 2
s + 4 s + 13
⎡V2 s 2 + 1 V2 2s2 2 ⎤
⎢ = 2 ; = ⎥ s +1
2
⎣ V1 2 s 1 I1 s (3s 2) ⎦ (iii) F ( s) = 2
(s s )2
12.3 Find the open-circuit transfer impedance Z21
s ( s2 )
and open-circuit voltage ratio G21 for the (iv) F ( s) =
ladder network shown in Fig. 12.104.
4
s + s +1 2
 Exercises 12.51

2 1F 2F
s 2
(v) F s
s + s2

s2 s Z (s 1 H
(vi) F s =
s −s 2

s2 s+ Fig. 12.108
(vii) F s 2
s s
⎡ 1. s s 2 + 0
s s ⎢Z s
(viii) F s = ⎣ s s + 0. )
s s s
V V
12.6 For the network shown in Fig. 12.106, draw 12.9 Find network functions and for the
V I1
the pole-zero plot of the impedance function
Z(s). network shown in Fig. 12.109 and plot poles
2
V s
and zeros of
V s
I1 1Ω 2
Z (s) 1 F
4Ω +
20
+
V 1 V 1Ω
−
Fig. 12.106

⎡ s j1. s ⎤ Fig. 12.109

Z s
s+5
⎡V 1 V 2s s + 2s 1 ⎤
12.7 For the network shown in Fig. 12.107, draw s + 2 s 1 I1 s + 2s 1 ⎦
⎣V 2s 2s
the pole-zero plot of driving-point impedance
function Z(s). 12.10 For the network shown in Fig. 12.110,
5Ω 10 Ω V V
determine and Plot the poles and
I1 I1
V
Z (s) 10 zeros of .
I1

I1 1H 2H
+ +
Fig. 12.107
1 V
V 1
2
5(s s + 0.
Z s =
s s .03)
12.8 Find the driving-point impedance of the Fig. 12.110
network shown in Fig. 12.108. Also, find
poles and zeros. V s s +2 V 2 ⎤
= , ⎥
I1 s s I1 s s⎦
12.52 Network Analysis and Synthesis
12.11 For the network shown in Fig. 12.111, 12.14 Obtain the impedance function for which the
V V pole-zero diagram is shown in Fig. 12.114.
determine 1 and 2 . Plot the pole and zeros
I1 V1 jw
V2
for .
V1 j1

I1 1F 2F Z ( j 0) = 1
s
+ + 0
−2 −1

V1 1H 1H V2 −j1

− − Fig. 12.114
Fig. 12.111
⎡ (s ) ⎤
2 (s
⎡V1 s + 3s ⎢ Z ( s) = 2 ⎥
4
3s 1⎤ 2
⎣ s + 2s + 2 ⎦
⎢ = ⎥
⎣ I1
3
2s + s ⎦
12.15 For the network shown in Fig. 12.115, poles
12.12 For the network shown in Fig. 12.112, plot the and zeros of driving point function Z(s)
poles and zeros of transfer impedance function. are,
Poles: (–1 ± j4); zero: –2
I1 1H 1H
+
If Z (j0) = 1, find the values of R, L and C.
+

V1 1Ω 1Ω V2
R
1
Z (s) Cs
− −
Ls
Fig. 12.112
⎡V2 1 ⎤ Fig. 12.115
⎢ I = s + 2⎥
⎣ 1 ⎦
⎡ 2 ⎤
12.13 For the network shown in Fig. 12.113, ⎢1 Ω, 0.5 Η, 17 F⎥
⎣ ⎦
V V
determine 1 and 2 . Plot the poles and 12.16 For the two-port network shown in Fig.
I1 V1
zeros of transfer impedance function. V 02
12.116, find R1, R2 and C. 2 = 2
I1 2H 4H V1 s + 3s
3s 2
+ +
1H R1
V1 2F 1 F V2 + +

− C R2
− V1 V2

Fig. 12.113 − −

⎡V1 16 s 4 + 100 s 2 + 1 V2 1 Fig. 12.116

⎢ = 3
, = 3 ,
I
⎣ 1 8s 3s I1 8s 3s ⎡3 1 ⎤
⎤ ⎢ 5 Ω, 15 Ω, 0.5 F⎥
V2 1 ⎣ ⎦
= ⎥
V1 16 s +104 2
0 s + 1⎦
 Objective-Type Questions 12.53

12.17 For the given network function, draw the 12.18 A transfer
function is given by
pole-zero diagram and hence obtain the time 10 s
Y ( s) = . Find time-
domain voltage. (s j )(s
)( s j )
5 (s
( ) domain response using graphical method.
V ( s) =
( s )(s)(s
( )
⎡5.26 18.4° e (5
(5 15)
15
5)
+ 5.266 188.4° e ( 5 j 15) t ⎤
[v(t) = 3e−2t + 2e−7t] ⎣ ⎦

Objective-Type Questions
12.1 Of the four networks N1, N2, N3 and N4 of Fig. 12.2 The driving-point impedance Z(s) of a
12.117, the networks having identical driving- network has the pole-zero locations as shown
point functions are in Fig. 12.118. If Z(0) = 3, then Z(s) is
(a) N1 and N2 (b) N2 and N4 jw
(c) N1 and N3 (d) N1 and N4
j1
2H 1Ω

2Ω 1F
s
0
−3 −1
1F
−j 1
N1
Fig. 12.118
2H 1Ω
3( 3) 2( 3)
(a) (b)
s +22
3 2
s + 2s
2s 2
2Ω 1F
3( 3) 2( 3)
(c) 2
(d) 2
N2 s 2s 2 s 2 3
1Ω 12.3 For the circuit shown in Fig. 12.119, the
1Ω
initial conditions are zero. Its transfer function
V ( s)
H ( s) = 0 is
1H V1 ( s)
1F
10 kΩ 10 mH
N3 + +

1Ω 2H vi (t) 100 μF v0

− −

1F
Fig. 12.119
N4
1 106
Fig. 12.117 (a) 2
(b)
s 6
100 s + 10 6
s 2
1003 s + 106
12.54 Network Analysis and Synthesis

103 106 12.7 A network has response with time as shown

(c) (d) in Fig. 12.122. Which one of the following
s 2 10
03 s + 106 s 2 10
06 s + 106 diagrams represents the location of the poles
12.4 In Fig. 12.120, assume that all the capacitors of this network?
are initially uncharged. If vi(t) = 10 u(t), then x (t)
v0(t) is given by
1 kΩ

t
0
+ +

4 μF
vi (t) 4 kΩ 1 μF v0 (t)

− − Fig. 12.122
jw jw
Fig. 12.120

(a) 8 e–0.004 t (b) 8 (1–e–0.004 t) (a) s (b) s

0 0
(c) 8 u(t) (d) 8
jw jw
12.5 A system is represented by the transfer
10
function . The dc gain of this (d) s
( 1
1)
)(
)( 2) (c) s 0
system is 0

(a) 1 (b) 2 Fig. 12.123

(c) 5 (d) 10 12.8 The transfer function of a low-pass RC
network is
V24
12.6 Which one of the following is the ratio 1
V13 (a) (RCs) (1 + RCs) (b)
1+ RCs
C
of the network shown in Fig. 12.121.
RCs
C s
(c) (d)
1Ω 1+ RCs
C 1+ RCs
C
1 2
12.9 The driving-point admittance function of the
network shown in Fig. 12.124 has a
1Ω 1Ω

3 4 R L C
1Ω
Fig. 12.121

1 2 Fig. 12.124
(a) (b)
3 3 (a) pole at s = 0 and zero at s = ∞
(b) pole at s = 0 and pole at s = ∞
3 4 (c) pole at s = ∞ and zero at s = 0
(c) (d)
4 3 (d) pole at s = ∞ and zero at s = ∞
 Answers to Objective-Type Questions 12.55

12.10 The transfer function Y12 ( s) =

I 2 ( s)
for the s2 s
(a) (b)
V1 ( s) 2
s + s +1 s +1
network shown in Fig. 12.125 is
1 s +1
(c) (d)
1Ω I2(s) s +1 s2 + 1
12.11 As the poles of a network shift away from
the x axis, the response
V1(s) 1H 1F (a) remains constant
(b) becomes less oscillating
(c) becomes more oscillating
(d) none of these
Fig. 12.125

Answers to Objective-Type Questions

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (a)
7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (c)