Electronic Circuits

and Systems
Two-port Networks

KEW Sept 2004

Two-Port Analysis

The characterisation of circuits which may be

considered to have an input and an output port
I2

I1
V1

Port
1

Linear
Cct

I1

Port

V2

I2
eg. transistor

Current into a port = Current out of a port

KEW Sept 2004

Given V1, V2, I1 & I2

It is possible to relate any two of these quantities

to the remaining two in six possible ways

We are going to look at three of these:

1.
2.
3.

Admittance or y parameters
Two-port impedance or z parameters
Two-port Transmission, Chain, ABCD or a parameters

KEW Sept 2004

Admittance or Y parameters

If we consider applying voltages V1, and V2 to the

Ports, then:

I1 y11V1 y12V2

I 2 y21V1 y22V2
i.e.

I1 y11
I y
2 21

y12 V1

y22 V2

2-port admittance matrix

KEW Sept 2004

Y-Parameters
y11

I1
V1

I1
y12
V2

y21

I2
V1

I2
y22
V2

V2 0 Short-circuit input admittance

V1 0
V2 0
V1 0

Short-circuit reverse transfer admittance

Short-circuit forward transfer admittance
Short-circuit output admittance

KEW Sept 2004

YParameters Example
I1
V1

I2

V2

I1
y11
V1
y12

So 2 port admittance parameters

are:

Y
Y
Y

Y
Y

I1
V2

I2
y21
V1
y22

I2
V2

V2 0
V1 0
V2 0
V1 0

KEW Sept 2004

=Y
= -Y
= -Y
=Y

Two Port Impedance (z)

Parameters

Consider applying currents I1 and I2 to the 2 port

model

V1 z11 I1 z12 I 2

V2 z 21 I1 z 22 I 2
Hence: V
1

z11
V z
2 21

z12
z 22

I1
I
2

KEW Sept 2004

Z - parameters
z11

is the impedance seen looking into port 1 when port

2 is open

z12

is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of the voltage

at port 1 to the current at port 2 when port 1 is open

z21

is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of the voltage

at port 2 to the current at port 1 when port 2 is open

z22

is the impedance seen looking into port 2 when port

1 is open
KEW Sept 2004

Z-parameters example
I1

Show that:

I2

V1

V1
z11
I1

Z
Z
Z

V1
I2

I1 0

V2
z 21
I1

I2 0

V2
I2

I1 0

z12

V2

Z
Z

z 22

Note:

I2 0

Admittance parameters dont exist for this circuit

In general, not all parameters exist for all circuits
KEW Sept 2004

Z-parameter example
I1

I2

10

+
V

+
1

20

20

Z11 = 8 + 20||30 = 20
Z22 = 20||30 = 12
V
z 1
12 I
2

I 0
1

V1

20 xI 2 x 20
8 xI 2
20 30

z 12

8 xI 2
8 = z 21
I2

V1 20 8 I 1
V 8 12 I
2
2
KEW Sept 2004

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Z-parameter example

Modifying cct to add voltage source and load resistor

I1

6
+

10 v
_

I2

10

+
V

+
1

20

20

V1 = 10 - 6I1
V2 = - 4I2
KEW Sept 2004

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Z-parameter example

Original equations:

V1 20 8 I 1
V 8 12 I
2
2

V1 = 10 - 6I1
V2 = - 4I2

Thus:
10 6I1 = 20I1 + 8I2
-4I2 = 8I1 + 12I2
KEW Sept 2004

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Rearranging the equation gives:

I1
I
2

I1

I2

26

16

10
0
0.4545

-0.2273

KEW Sept 2004

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Relationship between z & y

parameters..
Z Y 1 Inverse matrices
z11
z
21

z12

z 22
Y

y22
y
21

y12

y11

So, we can go from one measurement system to the other

using maths

KEW Sept 2004

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Applications of 2 ports

Suppose we know the [Y] parameters for a cct. What

is the o/c voltage gain ?

I 2 y21V1 y22V2 0

for o/c conditions

y21
V2

V1 I 0
y
22
2

KEW Sept 2004

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Applications of 2 ports

What is the input impedance of the network when the output

port is loaded by an impedance, ZL ?
I1
Zin

I2

V1

V2

I1 y11V1 y12V2
V
I 2 y21V1 y22V2 2
ZL

1
y21V1
V2 y22
ZL

y21Z L
V2
.V1
1 Z L y22

ZL

V2 I 2 Z L

y12 y21Z LV1

1 Z L y22
y11 Z L ( y11 y22 y12 y21 )
.V1
1 Z L y22

I1 y11V1

I1

V1 1 Z L y22
Z in

I1 y11 Z L Y
KEW Sept 2004

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Two-port parameter
conversion table

KEW Sept 2004

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To go from one set of parameters to another, locate the set of

parameters
you are in, move along the vertical until you are in the row
that contains
the parameters you want to convert to then compare
z 22
element for element
y11

KEW Sept 2004

18

Y parameter example

Given the following network:

I1
+
V
_

I2

1
s

V
_

(a) Find the Y parameters for the network.

(b) From the Y parameters find the z parameters
KEW Sept 2004

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Y parameter example
I
y 1
11 V
1

I1 = y11V1 + y12V2
I2 = y21V1 + y22V2
I1
+
V

I2

V
_

To find y11

V1 I 1 (

V 0
2

I
2
22 V
2

V 0
1

short

I
2
21 V
1

V 0
1

1
s

V 0
2

I
y 1
12 V
2

s ) I 2
1
21 s
2 s 1

so

We use the above equations to

evaluate the parameters from the
network.
I
y 1
=
s + 0.5
11 V
V

0
1
2
KEW Sept 2004

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Y-Parameters
Path of I2
I
y 2
21 V
1

V 0
2

I1
+
V

1
s

V
_

Hence:

V1 2I 2

I2

I
y 2
21 V
1

Siemens

= -0.5 S

KEW Sept 2004

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Y Parameter example
I1

To find y12 and y22 we reverse

things and short V1
I
y 1
12 V
2

short

+
V

I2

1
s

V
_

V 0
1

We have

V2 2I1
I
y 1 = -0.5 Siemens
12 V 2

I
y 2
22 V
2

V 0
1

We have

2s
V2 I 2
( s 2)
KEW Sept 2004

1
y22 0.5
s
22

Y parameter example
Summary:

y11
y
21

y12

0.5
s 0. 5

y22

0
.
5
0
.
5

1
s

Now suppose you want the Z parameters for the same network.

KEW Sept 2004

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Going From Y to Z Parameters

For the Y parameters we have:

For the Z parameters we have:

V Z I

I Y V

V Y 1 I Z I

From above;
Therefore

Z Y

11

21

z
12

z
22

22

Y
y
21

y
12

y
11

Y

KEW Sept 2004

where

Y det Y

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A - Parameters
I1

I2

V1

V2

By definition:

V1 a11
I a
1 21

a12
a22

V2
I
2

KEW Sept 2004

(N.B. I2 by convention)

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A-Parameters
V1
a11
V2
a12

V1
I2

I2 0

Reciprocal o/c voltage transfer ratio (i.e.

open cct. the o/p and measure V1/V2)

V2 0 s/c forward transfer impedance

I1
a21
V2

I2 0

o/c forward transfer admittance

I1
I2

V2 0

Reciprocal s/c current transfer ratio

a22

Note: for reciprocal ccts A a11a22 a12 a21 1

KEW Sept 2004

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A-Parameters Examples
Z

1 Z
A

0
1

1 0
A

Y
1

KEW Sept 2004

Z
Y

1 ZY
A
Y

Z
1

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A-parameter example
I1

V1

V
a11 1
V2
V
a12 1
I2

I2 0
V2 0

I1
a21
V2

I2 0

I1
I2

V2 0

a22

I2

V2

rbe
gmV1

0
V1
1

g mV1
gm

0
V1
r
1
1
be

g mV1
g m rbe

KEW Sept 2004

1
0

gm
A

0 1

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Two-port networks in series

I1
V1a
V1

I2
Za

I1
V1b

V2a
I2

Zb

V2

V2b

Z Z a Zb

The Z parameters of a series or cascode connection are given by the SUM

of constituent parameters.
Tables can be used, if necessary, to convert parameters from one
representation to another

KEW Sept 2004

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Two-port networks in parallel

I1a
I1b

I2a
Ya

I2b

V1

V2
Yb

I1 I1a I1b
V1
V1

Y
.

Y
.
a
b

I
I
I
V
V
2 2 a 2b
2
2

I1
V1

.
a
b

I
2
V2

Composite parameter set

The admittance parameters of a composite circuit obtained by connecting 2

ports in parallel are given by the sum of the constituent parameters. Use
tables to convert if necessary
KEW Sept 2004

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