SOURCES OF

WATER & WATER

TREATMENT
METHODS
Water resources
SOURCES OF WATER
 There are 5 common sources of water

1. Municipal.
2. Ground water.
3. Surface water (Lake, River, Stream or Creek, Shallow well)
4. Rainwater.
5. Seawater.

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 Municipal Supply:
Nasawa (National Waterworks and Sewerage System Authority) or Metropolitan
Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) - is the government agency that is in
charge of water privatization in Metro Manila in the Philippines. It split the water
concession into an east and a west concession. with Manila Water being awarded
one contract and Maynilad Water Services being awarded the other.

Manila Water took the East Zone, which covers 23 cities and municipalities. They
are Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasig, Pateros, San Juan, Taguig, Marikina, most parts
of Quezon City, portions of Manila, and 14 areas in the province of Rizal.

Maynilad got hold of the West Zone, which covers 17 cities and municipalities. It
covers most of Manila, areas in Quezon City, areas in Makati, Caloocan, Pasay,
Parañaque, Las Piñas, Muntinlupa, Valenzuela, Navotas, and Malabon, as well as
Bacoor, Imus, Kawit, Noveleta, and Rosario, which are in Cavite province.

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 Common contaminants:
 Chlorine

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  Chloramine

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  Fluoride

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  Lead

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 Ground water:
This is the most popular source in 90’s, groundwater or
more specifically well water. These are used for industrial
use, water bottling plants, mining and fracking.
Common contaminants:
 Hardness
 Iron
 Manganese
 Sodium
 Other heavy metals
o Aluminum
o Arsenic
o Uranium
o Lead

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 Surface water:
While surface water is broken down into subcategories sources
 Lake
 River
 Stream or creek
 Shallow well
They are primarily the highest source of contamination. While
heavy metals are primarily precipitated and it is often soft water
there are other water treatment barriers since some treatment will
interfere with others.
Common contaminants:
 Pathogens
o Bacteria
o Viruses
o Cysts
 Turbidity
 Tannins
 Organics
 Algae

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 Rainwater:
 
Rainwater and stormwater have unique characteristics,
while they have little to no TDS (other than the catchment
material) they are typically low in pH very soft but needed
to be treated like surface water.
 
Common contaminants:
• Organics
• Bacteria
• Lead (from catchment materials)

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 Seawater:
As we all know covers ~71% of the earth’s surface
and the oceans hold about 96.5%of all earth’s water, which
leaves us with very little freshwater.
Common contaminant: is salt

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WATER TREATMENT
METHODS
 Methods of water treatment
Coagulation / Flocculation
Coagulation is adding liquid aluminum sulfate or alum
and/or polymer to raw or untreated water. The resulting
mixture causes the dirt particles in the water to coagulate
or stick together. Then, the groups of dirt particles attach
together, forming larger particles named flocs that can
easily be removed via filtration or settling.

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 Sedimentation
When water and flocs undergo the treatment process,
they go into sedimentation basins. Here, water moves
slowly, making the heavy floc particles settle to the
bottom. Floc that accumulates on the bottom is known as
sludge. This is carried on to drying lagoons. Direct
Filtration does not include the sedimentation step and the
floc is just removed by filtration.

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 Filtration
In filtration, water passes through a filter, which is made to
take away particles from the water. Such filters are
composed of gravel and sand or sometimes crushed
anthracite. Filtration gathers together impurities that float
on water and boosts the effectiveness of disinfection.
Filters are regularly cleaned by means of backwashing.

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 Disinfection
Before water goes into the distribution system, it is
disinfected to get rid of disease-causing bacteria, parasites
and viruses. Chlorine is also applied since it is very
effective.

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 Fluoridation
Fluoridation treats water supplies of communities to adjust
the concentration of free fluoride ions to an optimal level
so that dental cavities can be reduced. It is compulsory for
Hunter Water to perform water fluoridation to conform to
the NSW Fluoridation of Public Water Supplies Act 1957.

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 pH Correction
To adjust pH levels, lime is combined with filtered water. This, also, stabilizes
naturally soft water so corrosion can be minimized in the water distribution
system and plumbing of customers.

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 References:
https://www.911metallurgist.com/understanding-water-so
urces/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Waterworks_
and_Sewerage_System
https://www.rappler.com/business/how-manila-water-ma
ynilad-got-concession-agreements
https://sheltonswater.com/blog/top-7-methods-of-water-t
reatment

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