Electrical Traction and Driv Ing Control: School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering Cheng Shu 2017.02

Electrical Traction and Driv
ing Control
School of traffic and transportation engineering

Cheng Shu
2017.02
12/03/2021 1
Main contents of the first chapter
 Basic concepts of electrical traction
 Development of electrical traction
 Comparison of traction types
 Overview of electrical traction system
 Overview of electric locomotive system
 Brief introduction of maglev train
12/03/2021 2
Reference books ：
1. Feng Xiaoyun. AC drive and control system of electric traction. Higher Education Pres
s ， 2009.12.
2. Guo Shiming. AC drive technology for locomotive and motor traction. Machinery Indus
try Press ， 2012.03
3. Lian Jisan. Electric traction control system. China Railway Publishing House ， 2004.
4. Wang Shulin. . Electric traction control system. China Electric Power Press ， 2005.
5. Song Leiming. Train-set drive and control. China Railway Publishing House ， 2009.
6. Huang Jirong. AC drive and control of electric traction. Machinery Industry Press ， 19
99.
7. Xu An. Electric traction of Urban Rail Transit. China Railway Publishing House ， 2000.
8. Li Qunzhan. High speed railway electrification project. Southwest Jiao Tong University
press ， 2006.
9. Liao Xiaozhong. Power electronic technology and electric drive. Beijing Institute of Te
chnology press ， 2000.
10. Hu Chongyue. DTC of AC motor. Machinery Industry Press ， 2010.01.
Other references ：
11. Locomotive electric drive[J]. Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Research Institute
12. Internal combustion locomotive[J]. Dalian internal combustion locomotive research in
stitute
13. Other locomotive vehicle （ CRH1-5,HXD1-3, DF4-DF11,SS4-SS9,… ） reference and is
sue and etc.
12/03/2021 3
Basic concepts of electrical traction
What are ？
Railway(Rail Transport)
Electrical Traction
Driving control
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The relationship of Railway, Electrical Tra

ction and Driving control:
Electrical Traction is
the power form
Driving Control is
the Collaborator
Railway is the carrier
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The classification of the locomotives based on
different power supplies:
Self-supplied ：
Diesel locomotive, Gas turbine locomotive, Electric ve
hicle with battery
not self supplied ：

Main railway lines locomotive, Trolley locomotive, City
tram, Trolleybus, Metro
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Development of electrical traction
The first electric locomotive

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The first commercial electrified train

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The first electrified railway in China
The first electric locomotive in China

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Comparison of traction types
Three different types of traction
Electric locomotive traction
Diesel locomotive traction
Steam locomotive traction

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Steam locomotive traction
Advantages Disadvantages
High technology maturity Low efficiency and Serious
pollution
Low structure complexity Long setup time

Low technical requirements High labor intensity and
for operator poor working conditions
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Diesel locomotive traction
Good mobility Massive moving parts
Relatively lower line Not great overload capacity

construction cost
Thermal efficiency is 27%- All the disadvantages of oil

30% as fuel
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Electric locomotive traction
High efficiency Lower mobility
Big traction power and Higher line construction

great overload capacity cost
Environmental friendly and

easy maintenance
12/03/2021 13
Overview of electrical traction system
Electric traction system usually consists of two parts:

Single-phase 25000V
接触网
power supply system
弓网关系受电弓
流固耦合关系
机车车辆（动车组）
Electric locomotive
线路轮轨关系
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Power part Power network Loads
transmission system power distribution system
Power
supply
system
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Neutral
Zone
Substation Substation
Phase B power supply section
Substation Substation
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How does a train cross the Neutral Zone?
Phase
（Ａ）电源架线 Neutral Zone
中间断电区 Phase
（Ｂ）电源
轮轨在线检测电路
在线
无列车
12/03/2021 17
Overview of electric locomotive system
I. System composition and function
II. System classification
III. Development history and present situation
18
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I. System composition and function
1. Locomotive electric power drive and control system
Internal combustion loco ：
electric traction drive and control system
Traction Traction
Converter The transmission
Diesel engine generator motor gear box and
the driving wheel
Control system
Fig. 1-1a
19
19
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1. Locomotive electric power drive and control system
Electric locomotive (AC power supply):
electric traction drive and control system

traction Traction The transmission
Power grid, converter
transformer motor gear box and
pantograph the driving wheel
Control system
Fig 1-1b
20
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2.Ideal traction characteristic curve of internal combusti
on loco
Locomotive axle power

：
F·V=3.6η·N
where ，
F--Locomotive traction （ KN ）
V--Locomotive speed （ Km/h ）
N--Prime mover power （ KW ） Fig 1-2 Ideal traction characteristic curve
η--transmission efficiency （ The characteristics of oxen and
horses ）
Ideal characteristic requirement ： the locomotive is running under the

rated power condition. Which means ，
F·V=3.6η·N=const.
21
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3.The function of electric driving device of internal com
bustion loco
The function of electric driving

device ：
 Make full use of and give play t
o the power of locomotive pow
er device ；
 Expansion of locomotive tractio
n force F and speed V adjustme
nt range ；
 Improve the overload capacity
Fig 1-3 Diesel engine power and torque of the locomotive, and solve th
characteristics e problem of train starting ；
---The diesel engine can not adapt to the  Improve locomotive traction co
requirements of the locomotive starting, overload ntrol performance 。
and constant power through the mechanical direct
drive
22
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Electric drive system can be divided into three cate

gories according to the current standard ：
 DC-DC electric drive system

AC-DC electric drive system｝
DC transmission system

 AC-DC-AC electric drive system
AC transmission system
23
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1. DC_DC electric drive system
In this drive mode, DC traction motors ar
e driven by the energy comes from DC tr
action generator or DC power grid.
Prime
 Excellent performance of speed regulation, mover
simple system structure.
 DC traction motor cost is higher, and its rel
iability, maintenance is relatively poor .
 Due to the limit of DC motor reversing con
dition, locomotive gauge and axle load, the
main generator is generally below 2200KW
.
Fig1-4 DC-DC electric drive of internal combustion loco
 Models: DF,DF2,DF3,ND1,ND2 etc.
24
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1. AC_DC electric drive system
In this drive mode, DC traction motors are driven by the output of main converters, w
hich are connected to the single-phase AC main transformer or AC traction generato
r.
 The three-phase AC synchronous generator has the advantages of simple structure,
high reliability, light weight and low cost .
 Suitable for high power traction.
 Models: DF4 ， DF5 ， DF7 ， DF11 ， ND4 ， ND5 ， SS3-SS9 etc.
Prime
mover
Fig1-5 AC_DC electric drive system of internal combustion loco

25
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1. AC-DC-AC electric drive system
 By using the AC traction motor,
deficiencies of the DC-DC system can be
overcome, and the AC drive system has
the advantages of light weight, low cost,
good reliability and easy maintainability
Prime
mover  Good adhesion performance
 Suitable for high power traction
 Complex control system
 Models ： DF4DAC, NJ1, DJ, DJ2, DJJ1
(Blue Arrow), DJ4, CRH, etc.
Fig1-6 a AC-DC-AC electric drive system of internal combustion loco
In this drive mode, traction motors are driven by the output AC of traction converter with adjus
table amplitude and frequency. The traction converter is composited by AC-DC rectifier, Interm
ediate DC link and DC-AC inverter. The energy comes from single-phase AC main transformer
and AC traction generator.
26
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1. Locomotive has two major transmission mode
Electric transmission and Hydraulic transmission.
Controller Transformer Converter Motor
Electric transmission system
Major trends: electric transmission 27

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German ： The original of hydraulic transmission locomotive, but from the 1960‘s, German
started to develop AC drive. A AC-DC-AC internal combustion loco (DE2500) was produced in
1971.
Japan ： Most of hydraulic transmission locomotive was produced and used in japan. (The
main reason is the axle load limit ） . But with the development of electrical and AC drive
technology, the electric transmission was popularized. Electric distributed traction based EMU
are the mainstream Passenger transport now.
Britain ： Two transmission mode coexist and developed in the early time of dieselize era .In
order to cooperate with the overall electrification of the railway, the British General
Administration of Railway announced that it would no longer produce hydraulic locomotives
since 1962.
America ： The first DC electric locomotive was produced in 1925, after then, only electric
locomotives are produced.
China ： At the end of the 1980's, high power hydraulic transmission locomotive production
have been stopped, the electric transmission scheme was determined to be the main
development policy .
28
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2. Development of electric transmission ：
DC-DC AC-DC AC-DC-AC
Development trend ： high-power 、 Electric traction 、 AC drive
High-power ― Single axis power 1100-1600 kW
High performance ― Constant power ratio ≥2.5,high adhesion utilization
Energy conservation ― Low loss, high efficiency, power factor ≈1.0
High reliability, Good maintainability, Small harmonic interference
29
12/03/2021 29
2. Development of electric transmission ：
 1920- early 1960's ： DC-DC ， Power<2200 kW （ 30 years ！）

 1964: France first created AC-DC internal combustion motor BB67036.
the begin of the AC-DC drive and high-power locomotive era.(Great progress!)
 1964-1990’s:
America ： C36-7 3600 horsepower
French ： CC72000 4000 horsepower
CC78000 5000 horsepower
Former Soviet Union ： TЭΠ75 6000 horsepower
China: DF4A-4B 3300 horsepower
DF4C 3600 horsepower
DF4D 4000 horsepower
DF5 4500 horsepower
SS series electric locomotive single axle power 800-900KW
30
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DF4 type
diesel
locomotive （ 4A -
4E ）
31
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DF11 type diesel locomotive
32
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SS3B type electric locomotive
33
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SS4 type electric locomotive
34
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SS6B type electric locomotive
35
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SS8 type electric locomotive
36
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SS-9 high speed locomotive
37
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SS9G Passenger electric locomotive
38
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Development of AC drive technology
39
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AC4000 type AC electric locomotive
40
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DJ2 type AC electric locomotive
41
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DJJ1 (Blue Arrow) electric pa

ssenger train
42
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"Central China Star" EMU
43
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The China star electric vehicle group
November 27, 2002, China Star EMU created the China’s Fastest
Railway speed record 321.5 km/h.
44
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Uzbekistan electric locomotive
45
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Heavy haul railway
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HXD type high power AC drive locomotive

Electric locomotive
Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Ltd ： HXD1 type eight axis 9600kw
Datong Electric Locomotive Co., Ltd. ： HXD2 type eight axis 9600kw
Dalian locomotive and rolling stock Co., Ltd. ： HXD3 type six axis 7200kw
Internal combustion locomotive

Dalian locomotive and rolling stock Co., Ltd. ： HXN3 type six axis 4413kw
Qishuyan locomotive and rolling stock factory ： HXN5 type six axis
4413kw
12/03/2021 47
12/03/2021 47
Type spectrum of HXD high power locomotive in China
• HXD type electric locomotive

Type ：
HXD1/1B/1C/1D ， HXD2/2B/2C ， HXD3/3B/3C/3D
Shaft type ：
HXD1 and HXD2 are B0-B0, others are C0-C0
Power ：
HXD1/1B ， HXD2/2B ， HXD3B are 9600KW ， others HXD is 7200
KW
• HXN type Internal combustion locomotive
Type ： HXN3 ， HXN5
Shaft type ： C0-C0
Power ： 4000KW
12/03/2021 48
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HXD1(DJ4)
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HXD1B
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HXD1B
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HXD1C
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HXN5
CSR Qishuyan Locomotive Co. Ltd. and the United States GE

company joint designed and manufactured HXN5 in 2008
12/03/2021 53
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HXN3
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High Speed railway
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12/03/2021 55
Japan’s High Speed railway
Tokaido Shinkansen opening

ceremony Tokyo
New
Osaka
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12/03/2021 56
France’s High Speed railway
Paris
France‘s first high-speed railway (TGV southeast line ）
Lyon
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German’s High Speed railway
Hannover
Wuerzburg
Germany's first high-speed railway

(Hannover - Wuerzburg)
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Speed Records
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Technical system of High Speed Railway
Railway Engineering High Speed EMU Train Control Traction Power Operation Risk Prevention System
Supply Management Integration
12/03/2021
60
Technical Hotspots of High Speed Railway
Management of high speed railway;

High speed railway line, including;
 Curve radius and line height
 Distance between lines and subgrade width;
 The subgrade, track bed and sleeper, turnout;
 Bridge and tunnel;
Traction, braking and vehicle structure of high speed train ;
High speed railway train signal and train speed control system ;
Communication technology of high speed railway
12/03/2021 61
German’s High Speed Trains
12/03/2021 62
France’s High Speed Trains
12/03/2021 63
Japan’s High Speed Trains
12/03/2021 64
Comparison of High speed trains
Nation Start Operating Section Models Grouping Highest Axles
Time speed load
0 series M12/T0 256/210 16
1964.10 Tokyo-Osaka
300 series M10/T6 270 　
Japan 0 series 　　　
1975.3 The new Osaka-Bodo 100 series M6/T4/M6 230 15
1982.6 Ueno-Morioka 200 series M12/T0 319/260 17
1983.9 Paris-Lyon TGV-PSE M1/T8/M1 380/270 16
France
1989.11 Paris - Letours TGV-A M1/T8/M1 513.5/300 17
German 1991 Hannover-Wuerzburg ICE M1/T14/M1 406.9/280 17
Italy 1988.5 Rome-Florence ETR450(Tilting Train) M10/T1 250 12.5
Sweden 1990.4 Stockholm-Goteborg X2(Tilting Train) M1/T5 250/210 17.5
Spain 1989.9 Barcelona-Milan Diesel locomotives M1/T5 230 　
England 1989 London-Edinburgh IC225 M1/T9 260/225 20.4
Former
Soviet 1984.3 Moscow-Leningrad 3P200 M12/T0 200/200 17
Union
12/03/2021 65
China's High Speed Trains
12/03/2021 66
The Second Generation
200-250 km / h EMU
CRH1 CRH2 CRH5

300-350 km / h EMU
12/03/2021 67
CRH3
CRH1
12/03/2021 68
CRH2
12/03/2021 69
CRH3
12/03/2021 70
CRH5
12/03/2021 71
The 3rd generation high speed EMU, CRH380 series
Aimed on serving the Beijing to Shanghai high-speed railway
 Including CRH380A 、 CRH380B 、 CRH380C 、 CRH380D
CRH380C
CRH380A CRH380D
CRH380B
12/03/2021 72
CRH380A/AL EMU
12/03/2021 73
CRH380B/BL EMU
12/03/2021 74
CRH380CL EMU
12/03/2021 75
CRH380D EMU
12/03/2021 76
CRH380AM EMU
12/03/2021 77
Intelligent high speed

prototype EMU
12/03/2021 78
轮轨动力学
轨道检测系统弓网检测系统检测系统通信检测系统信号检测系统
检测数据网络
Comprehensive inspection EMU 距离脉冲
时间里程
综合系统
CRH5-000 inspection train CRH380A-001 inspection CRH380B-002 inspection train

12/03/2021 train 79
The summary of high speed EMU development in China
• CRH EMU has been formed series ：

– CRH1 ～ 6
– CRH2 has CRH2A ～ CRH2E
– CRH380A ～ D etc.
• The new generation of high-speed train CRH380 has started on-line operation
, the maximum operating speed is up to 380 km/h.
12/03/2021 80
The summary of high speed EMU development in China
• The maximum test speed of the CRH380B EMU reached 457 km/h in
December 5, 2010 on the pilot section of the Beijing to Shanghai high-
speed railway
• In January 9, 2011, a special grouped CRH380B-6402L EMU, which h

as 8 powered units and 4 trailers, performed a test run on the Bengbu t
o Xuzhou section of Beijing to Shanghai high-speed railway again.
12/03/2021 81
Technical parameters of Partial EMUs in China
Design
Train total Traction Transmission
operation
Type Grouping power （ kW Remarks
speed （ km/h motor mode
）
）
CRH2C MB-5120-A
300 7200
First stage 6M2T ： 300 kW Shanghai to Nanjing, Wuhan to
CRH2C 2 （ 3M+1T Guangzhou; Zhengzhou West
） YQ-365 passenger line and so on
Second 350 8760
365 kW
stage
CRH380A 6M2T 9600 AC-DC-AC Research and development based
continued 350
YQ-365 on the second stage of CRH2C ；
maximum 380
CRH380AL 14M2T 20440 365 kW the Beijing to Shanghai, Wuhan to
test ≥400
Guangzhou and so on
CRH380B 4M4T continued 350 9200 Research and development based
maximum 380 575 kW on CRH3C ； Beijing to Shanghai,
CRH380BL 8M8T test ≥400 18400 Shanghai to Hangzhou.
12/03/2021 82
New technical characteristics of CRH380A type EMU
 Low air resistance streamline head shape.

 Systematic matched vibration mode.
 high strength air tightness design.
 High speed bogie technology.
 New noise suppression technique .
 High performance traction system.
 Light weighted bodywork.
 High efficiency regenerative braking.
12/03/2021 83
500 km/h test EMU
12/03/2021 84
Standardized EMU
Test line for the Chinese Standardized EMU
12/03/2021 86
Hybrid electric locomotive and EMU
The first hybrid electric

The in progressing of Hybrid electric EMU locomotive developed by CSR
research and development Ziyang Locomotive company
12/03/2021 87
Permanent magnet
synchronous EMU
12/03/2021 88
Brief introduction of maglev train
Limit of conventional wheel railway vehicles
 Traction force is transmitted through the wheel rail contact.
 When other parameters of the locomotive have been determined, the wheel
rail adhesion coefficient has a decisive influence on the traction force.
 Adhesion coefficient is related to many factors, such as wheel / rail material,

environmental conditions, line conditions, operating speed and so on.
 With the increasing of speed, the contact time of wheel and rail is reduced,
and the adhesion coefficient will decrease.
12/03/2021 89
The magnetic suspension type
superconducting magnet electromagnet
permanent
magnet
12/03/2021 90
The ElectroMagnet Suspension (EMS):
carriage
Guide
Electromagnet Guiding electromagnet
Landing board
gear
12/03/2021 91
The ElectroDynamic Suspension (EDS):
conductor
Induced current
direction
Magnet moving
direction
Magnet
12/03/2021 92
Magnetic force direction
Induced current
direction
The magnet moving a little
below the center line
superconducting
magnet
12/03/2021 93
12/03/2021 94
The maglev development in Japan
1970 Start to research the superconducting maglev technology

1972 The Short stator linear motor based ML100 EMS maglev is present
The highest testing speed was 204km/h in December 1977 on Miyazaki
1977
Testing line.
The ML500 maglev had created the speed record of 517 km/h on Miyazaki
1979
testing line with no passengers on.
1997 The MLX01 maglev highest test speed is 550km/h.
The test speed with passengers of MLX01 maglev reached 55km/h, and the
1999
crossing speed of MLX01 reached 1003 km/h.
2003 The new test maglev MLX01-901 reached the speed of 581km/h
2012 The prototype of L0 series maglev highest speed is 500km/h
2015 The L0 series maglev highest speed reached 603km/h.
12/03/2021 95
The maglev development in German
1922 Herman Kemper proposed the Electromagnetic levitation principle, and received the very
first electromagnetic levitation patent of the world in 1934
1971 The first prototype maglev of German was tested on a 600 meter long experimental line.
1979 A 900 meters long TR maglev demonstration line was exhibited on Hamburg International
Transportation Expo.
1980 German started to build a maglev testing line in Ames Rand. At the end of 1983, the
highest testing speed reached 300km/h. The south loop line started to extend in 1984,
and finished in 1987. the highest testing speed had been raised to 400 km/h.
1988 The testing speed of TR06 reached 412.6km/h.
1993 The testing speed of TR07 reached 450km/h.
2000 Shanghai high speed maglev project was started at march 2001, and was put into
commercial operation in Jan 2004, using TR08 maglev train.
2009 The TR09 maglev train had finished all test. Its highest speed was 550km/h.
2017/3/5 96
The maglev development in German
The maglev development in China
1989 The first small-scale maglev train prototype was successful developed by National
University of Defense Technology
1995 The first passenger maglev train had been produced in National University of
Defense Technology
2000 The first high temperature superconducting maglev passenger train prototype had
been successful developed by Southwest Jiao Tong University in China.
2003 The Qingshan maglev line in Chengdu had been completed. This maglev line was
420 meters long, and mainly aim to transport the Tourist.
2012 A mid-speed maglev train is produced at CRRC Zhuzhou elelctric locomotive
company.
2014 the first commercial operation maglev line with full Independent intellectual
property right in china had been put into operation in May 2016.
2015 The first mid-speed maglev line in Beijing, this maglev line is named S1 line, and
plan to operate in 2017.
12/03/2021 98
Shanghai High speed

maglev project
Length: 33km
Max speed ： 430km/h
Running frequency ： 12 trains/h
Capacity ： 959 people
traffic volume ： 23000 people/h
One-way running time ： 8 minutes
Annual max passenger volume ： 150 million people
12/03/2021 99
12/03/2021 100
Changsha Medium speed

maglev project
12/03/2021 101
Beijing Medium speed

maglev project
12/03/2021 102

Electrical Traction and Driv Ing Control: School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering Cheng Shu 2017.02

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Electrical Traction and Driv Ing Control: School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering Cheng Shu 2017.02

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Electrical Traction and Driv

School of traffic and transportation engineering

The relationship of Railway, Electrical Tra

Railway is the carrier

not self supplied ：

The first electric locomotive

The first commercial electrified train

The first electrified railway in China

The first electric locomotive in China

Three different types of traction

Electric locomotive traction

Diesel locomotive traction

Steam locomotive traction

Steam locomotive traction

Low structure complexity Long setup time

Diesel locomotive traction

Relatively lower line Not great overload capacity

Thermal efficiency is 27%- All the disadvantages of oil

Electric locomotive traction

Big traction power and Higher line construction

Environmental friendly and

Electric traction system usually consists of two parts:

power supply system

Power part Power network Loads

transmission system power distribution system

Phase B power supply section

How does a train cross the Neutral Zone?

I. System composition and function

II. System classification

III. Development history and present situation

Internal combustion loco ：

electric traction drive and control system

Electric locomotive (AC power supply):

electric traction drive and control system

Locomotive axle power

Ideal characteristic requirement ： the locomotive is running under the

The function of electric driving

Electric drive system can be divided into three cate

 DC-DC electric drive system

Fig1-5 AC_DC electric drive system of internal combustion loco

1. Locomotive has two major transmission mode

Electric transmission and Hydraulic transmission.

Controller Transformer Converter Motor

Electric transmission system

Major trends: electric transmission 27

DC-DC AC-DC AC-DC-AC

Development trend ： high-power 、 Electric traction 、 AC drive

High-power ― Single axis power 1100-1600 kW

High performance ― Constant power ratio ≥2.5,high adhesion utilization

Energy conservation ― Low loss, high efficiency, power factor ≈1.0

High reliability, Good maintainability, Small harmonic interference

 1920- early 1960's ： DC-DC ， Power<2200 kW （ 30 years ！）

DF11 type diesel locomotive

SS3B type electric locomotive

SS4 type electric locomotive

SS6B type electric locomotive

SS8 type electric locomotive

SS-9 high speed locomotive

SS9G Passenger electric locomotive

AC4000 type AC electric locomotive

DJ2 type AC electric locomotive

DJJ1 (Blue Arrow) electric pa

"Central China Star" EMU