Training

&Devlopment(T&D)
D R . G . V I J AYA K R I S H N A
MBA.MHRM,PGD(IR&PM), PH.D
A S S O C I AT E P R O F E S S O R
 Concepts of Training And Development
Planned effort to change the
behavior or attitude of
employees.
Provide knowledge & skills
required for the job.
Training emphasizes Doing.
Significant management tool
in bringing about the change.

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 Development
Long term educational process.
Systematic & organized procedure through
which employees learn conceptual and
theoretical knowledge.

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Types of Training
1.Skills Training 5. Creativity Training.

2. Retraining. 6. Literacy Training

3.Cross-Functional. 7. Diversity Training

4.Team Training 8. Customer Service Training

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Contd.,

1. SKILLS TRAINING:

Focus on job knowledge and skill for:

Instructing new hires.
Overcoming performance deficits of the workforce.

2. RETRAINING:

Maintaining worker knowledge and skill as job requirements change due to:
Technological innovation
Organizational restructuring

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Contd.,

3. Cross-Functional Training
Training employees to perform a wider variety of tasks in order to
gain:
Flexibility in work scheduling.
Improved coordination.
4. Team Training
Training self-directed teams with regard to:
Management skills.
Coordination skills.
Cross-functional skills.

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Contd.,
5.Creativity Training
Using innovative learning techniques to enhance employee
ability to spawn new ideas and new approaches.
6. Literacy Training
Improving basic skills of the workforce such as mathematics,
reading, writing, and effective employee behaviors such as
punctuality, responsibility, cooperation, etc.

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Contd.,

7. Diversity Training
Instituting a variety of programs to instill awareness,
tolerance, respect, and acceptance of persons of different
race, gender, etc. and different backgrounds.

8. Customer Service Training

Training to improve communication, better response to
customer needs, and ways to enhance customer satisfaction.

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 Training methods
Training methods can be classified into two broad categories

 On-the-job Training;
1. Apprenticeship training;
• The duration of the training depends on the nature of trade and skill level
• Apprenticeship training is given to different trades such as fitter, welder,
electrician and so on


2. Job Instruction Training( J I T );

•During second world war, allied forces experienced acute shortage of skilled
craftsmen and able supervisors
• Special training programme was initiated on war footing basis
•J I T was intended for developing efficient supervisors and it is very
successful, effective and extremely popular
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 Contd.,
Off the Job Training:
 1. Class Room Lectures
This is the simplest form of training.
This is a best form of instruction, when the intention is to convey
information on rules, regulations, policies and procedures

 2. Conferences, seminars and workshops

This is a formal method of arranging meeting in which individuals

confer to discuss points of common interest for enriching their
knowledge and skill

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Contd.,

3.Group discussion and Case study Analysis;

• Case study method was initially introduced by
Christhoper Langdell at Harvard law school
• The principle used is “ experience is the best teacher”
• Here several empirical studies are examined in detail to
find out similarities to derive general principles
• Based on such studies , group discussions are initiated
to derive common lessons
•

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Contd.,

4.Audio/visuals and film shows;

• In order to improve understanding, audio-visual
aids are considered very useful to ‘demonstrate’
operation of a machine or explain a process
•Audio-visual and film shows can supplement the
efforts of lecturing and improve its effectiveness

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Contd.,

5.Simulation/Computer Modelling;
Any training activity in which actual working
environment is artificially created as near and
realistic as possible, is called simulation training
Case analysis, exercises, game playing, computer
modelling etc are under this category

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 Contd.,
6.Vestiebule Training:
In Vestibule training employs are trained on the
equipment they are employed but the training is
conducted away from the place of work.
7.Programmed Instruction:
Programmed instruction is a structured method of
instruction aided through texts, handouts, books,
and computer-aided instructions(CAI)

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Contd.,
8.Games & Role playing:
This method is developed by Moreno, a Venetian
psychiatrist.
He used terms like role playing, role reversal,
socio-drama psycho-drama and so on.,
Here a real life situations is simulated by a group of
trainees in which each take-up the role of different
persons.

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 Contd.,
T-Group training:

Here T-stands for training this training is also

known as either “sensitivity training” or
“laboratory training”
T-group training was originated a 1940 but it has spread to the
industries from 1960.
T-group training is concerned with the real problems existing within the
group.

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Contd.,
10.Re-training:
Technology is advancing at a very rapid pace hence
obsolesce is a major problem faced by individual
workers and second problem is automation. faced
by the workers.
In such a case retraining program updating the
knowledge and skill of workers and further make
them productively useful to the organizations and
restore their confidence.

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Evolution of HRD
Early apprenticeship programs
Early vocational education programs
Early factory schools
Early training for unskilled/semiskilled
Human relations movement
Establishment of training profession
Emergence of HRD

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Contd.,
Early Apprenticeship Programs

•Artisans in 1700s
•Artisans had to train their own workers
•Guild schools
•Yeomanry's (early worker unions)

Early Vocational Education Programs

•1809 – DeWitt Clinton’s manual school

•1863 – President Lincoln signs the Land-Grant Act promoting A&M colleges
•1917 – Smith-Hughes Act provides funding for vocational education at the state level

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Contd.,
Early Factory Schools

•Industrial Revolution increases need for trained workers to design, build, and repair
machines used by unskilled workers
•Companies started machinist and mechanical schools in-house
•Shorter and more narrowly-focused than apprenticeship programs

Early Training for Unskilled/Semiskilled Workers

•Mass production (Model T)

•Semiskilled and unskilled workers
•Production line – one task = one worker
•World War I
•Retool & retrain
•“Show, Tell, Do, Check” (OJT)

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 Contd.,
Human Relations Movement

•Factory system often abused workers

•“Human relations” movement promoted better working conditions
•Start of business & management education
•Tied to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Establishment of the Training Profession

•Outbreak of WWII increased the need for trained workers

•Federal government started the Training Within Industry (TWI) program
•1942 – American Society for Training Directors (ASTD) formed

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Emergence of HRD
•Employee needs extend beyond the training
classroom
•Includes coaching, group work, and problem solving
•Need for basic employee development
•Need for structured career development
•ASTD changes its name to the American Society for
Training and Development

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METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF
DEVELOPEMNT
 On the job Off the job
• Coaching Classroom training
• Under study Lectures
Assignments
• Experience Case studies
• Job rotation Role playing
• Special projects In-basket technique
Programmed instruction
Seminars

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 Contd.,
On the job methods;
Coaching;
•Which is carried out by experienced managers, emphasizes the responsibility of all
managers for developing their employees

Under study assignments;

•under study assignments are used to develop an individual’s capabilities to fill a specific job

Experience ;

•Individuals are promoted into management jobs and allowed to learn on their own from
their experiences

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 Contd.,
Job rotation:
•Job rotation is designed to give an individual broad experience through exposure to
many different areas of the organization
•In job rotation, the trainee goes from one job to another within the organization,
generally remaining in each from six months to a year
•One advantage of job rotation is that the trainees can see how management
principles can be applied in a cross section of environments
•The training is practical and allows the trainee to become familiar with the entire
operations of the org

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 Contd.,
Special projects and committee assignments:
•Special projects require the trainee to learn about a particular subject
•The trainee must learn to work and relate to other employees
•However , it is critical that the special assignments provide a
developing and learning experience for the trainee
•Committee assignments are similar which an individual works with the
committee on regular basis and develop skills in working with others
and learns through the committee

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Off The Job Methods

Classroom Training :
Classroom Training is the most familiar type of training which
can be used in the management development programs as well
as in the training and orientation programs
Lectures:
One of the most common methods of instruction is lecturing,
which includes transparencies, slides, videotapes and power
point

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Contd.,
Case Studies:
The case study technique was popularized by the H B S and it
is a method of classroom Trg in which the learner analyzes
the real or hypothetical situations and suggests not only what
to do but also how to do it

Role playing:
In this method participants are assigned different roles and
required to act out those roles in a realistic situation

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 Contd.,
In-basket technique:
It is a method of classroom training in which the participant is required
to simulate the handling of a specific manager’s mail and telephone
calls and to react accordingly.
Programmed instruction:
It requires the trainee to read material on a particular subject and
answer the questions about the material.
Correct answers allow the trainee to move on to more advanced or new
material

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Contd.,
Business games:
It simulates an organization and its environment and requires
a team of players to make operating decisions based on the
situation.
Seminars:
Many colleges and universities offer both credit and non-
credit courses intended to help meet the management
development needs of various organizations.

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…"Opportunities Are Like Sunrises,
If You Wait Too Long You Can Miss them". 

By
William Arthur.

Thank You
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