Reinforced Concrete Design

PREPARED BY:
ENGR. JEROME G. GACU
 OBJECTIVES

 To understand terminologies connected to

reinforced concrete design.
 To understand why we needs to reinforced
concrete structure.
 To have knowledge on some standards
required for reinforced concrete structure.
 INTRODUCTIO
N
• CONCRETE – is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel,
crushed rock, or other aggregates.

• AGGREGATES – used in concrete may be fine aggregates

(usually sand) and coarse aggregates (usually gravel or crushed
stone). Fine aggregates are those that pass through a No. 200
sieve. Materials left are coarse aggregates.

• WATER – used in mixing concrete. It must be clean and free

from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts organic
materials or other substance that may be deleterious to concrete
or reinforcement.
 INTRODUCTIO
N
REINFORCED CONCRETE – it composes of concrete and reinforcement
(usually steel / deformed bars). Regards to the concrete with high
compressive strength it is necessary to add steel which is high in tensile
stress to provide the lacking tensile strength on concrete, it is called
reinforced concrete.
CONCRETE PROPORTION – Proportion of materials for concrete shall be
established to provide: (a) workability and consistency to permit concrete
to be worked readily into forms and around reinforcement under
conditions of placement to be employed, without segregation or excessive
bleeding. (b) resistance to special exposures, and (c)conformance with
strength test requirements.
 CONCRETE
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE – concrete lighter in weight than ordinary sand-
and-gravel concrete is used principally to reduce dead load, or for thermal
insulation, nail ability, or fill.

 HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE – concrete weighing up to about 60.5 can be

produced by using heavier-than-ordinary aggregates. The heavy concrete is
used principally in radiations shields and counterweights.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH – Depending on the mix ( water-cement-ratio)

and the time and quality of curing, compressive strengths of concrete can be
obtained up to 97 MPa or more
 CONCRETE
The 28-day compressive strength of concrete can be estimated from the 7-day
strength by formula proposed by W.A. Sater:
  𝑠 28 = 𝑠 7 + 2.5 √ 𝑠7
 -28 – day compressive strength, Mpa
- 7 – day compressive strength, Mpa

WATER – CEMENT RATIO - Concrete strength is influenced chiefly by

the water-cement-ratio; the higher this ratio, the lower the strength.
Relationship is approximately linear when express in terms of c/w, the
ratio of cement and water.
  𝑐
𝑠 28 =18.61 − 5.24
𝑤
 CONCRETE
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
 Forthe concrete with values of between 1500 to 2500 the modulus of
elasticity may be taken:
 
) (MPa)
 For normal weight of concrete,

For non pre-stressed concrete reinforcement may be taken,

200,000 Mpa
 INTRODUCTIO
CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT (SECTION 407.8.1)
N
Minimum
CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE (NON-PRE-STRESSED) Concrete
Cover
a Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75 mm
Concrete exposed to earth or weather:  
b 20 mm through 36 mm bars 50 mm
16 mm bars, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 40 mm
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground  
Slabs, Walls, Joists:  
32 mm bar and smaller 20 mm
Beams, Columns  
c
Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals 40 mm
Shells, folded place members:  
20 mm bar and larger 20 mm
16 mm bars, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 12 mm
 INTRODUCTIO
CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT (SECTION 407.8.1) N
PRE-CAST CONCRETE Minimum Concrete Cover
(MANUFACTURED UNDER PLANT CONDITIONS)
Concrete exposed to earth or weather:  
Wall panels:  
45 mm and 60 mm diameter bars 40 mm
36 mm bar and smaller 20 mm
a
Other members:  
45 mm and 60 mm diameter bars 50 mm
20 mm through 36 mm bars 40 mm
16 mm bars, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 30 mm
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground  
Slabs, Walls, Joists:  
45 mm and 60 mm diameter bars 30 mm
36 mm bar and smaller 15 mm
Beams, Columns  
b
Primary reinforcement db but not less than 15 and need not exceed 40
Ties, stirrups, spirals 10 mm
Shells, folded plate members:  
20 mm bar and larger 15 mm
16 mm bars, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 10 mm
 INTRODUCTIO
CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT (SECTION 407.8.1) N
Minimum
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Concrete
Cover
a Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75 mm
b Concrete exposed to earth or weather:  
  Wall panels, slab, joists 25 mm
  Other members: 40 mm
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground  
Slabs, Walls, Joists: 20 mm
Beams, Columns  
Primary Reinforcement 40 mm
c Ties, Stirrups, Spirals 25 mm
Shells, folded place members:  
16 mm bars, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 10mm
db but not less
Other Reinforcement than 20
 INTRODUCTIO
BUNDLE BARS N
For bundle bars, the minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the
equivalent diameter of the bundle, but need not be greater than 50 mm,
except for concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth, the
minimum cover shall be 75 mm.

SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT

Required at right angles to the principal reinforcement to minimize
cracking and to tie the structure together to ensure its acting as assumed in
the design. The provisions of this section are intended for structural slabs
only; they are not intended for soil-supported slab on grade. Reinforcement
are normal to flexure reinforcement for the structural slab to provide
flexure reinforcement which extends in one direction only.
 INTRODUCTIO
N

LOADS
The most important and most critical task of an engineer is the
determination of the loads that can be applied to a structure during its life,
and the worst possible combination of these loads that might occur
simultaneously. Loads may be classified as dead loads and live loads.
 LOADS
DEAD LOAD
Loads of constant magnitude that remains in one position. This
consist mainly of the structure and other permanent attachment of the
frame.

LIVE LOAD
Loads that may change in magnitude and position. Live loads that
move under their own power are called moving loads. Other live loads are
those caused by wind, rain, earthquakes, soils, and temperature change.
Wind and Earthquake loads are called lateral load.
 METHODS
USD WSD
(Ultimate Stress Design) (Working Stress Design)
Based on strength concept of concrete Based on the linear theory or elastic
theory
Design critical combination of loads Design carrying load
Elastic behavior of material Plastic behavior of material
Materials strength to be used for Modular Ratio used for member
design design
Thank you!!!
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