QUANTUM

MECHANICAL MODEL
ATOMIC MODEL & THEORY TIMELINE
The BOHR Model of an Atom
The BOHR Model of an Atom
• The lowest allowable energy state of
an atom is called its ground state.
• When an atom gains energy, it is in
an excited state.
• Bohr suggested that an electron
moves around the nucleus only in
certain allowed circular orbits.
• Bohr orbits are like steps of a ladder,
each at a specific distance from the
nucleus and each at a specific
energy.
The BOHR Model of an Atom
Bohr’s model explained the
hydrogen’s spectral lines, but
failed to explain any other
element’s lines.
The Wave Mechanical Model of an
Atom
The Wave Mechanical Model of an
Atom
The Wave Mechanical Model of an
Atom
• Louis de Broglie (1892–1987) hypothesized that
particles, including electrons, could also have
wavelike behaviors.
• Electrons do not behave like particles flying
through space.
• We cannot, in general, describe their exact paths.
 The Wave Mechanical Model of an
•
Atom
Werner Heisenberg showed it is impossible to take any
measurement of an object without disturbing it.
• The “Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle” states that it is
fundamentally impossible to know precisely both the
velocity and position of a particle at the same time.
• The only quantity that can be known is the probability
for an electron to occupy a certain region around the
nucleus.
The Wave Mechanical Model of an Atom
• Erwin Schrödinger treated electrons as waves in a model called the
quantum mechanical model of the atom.
• Schrödinger’s equation applied equally well to elements other than
hydrogen (unlike Bohr’s model).
• The quantum mechanical model makes no attempt to predict the
path of an electron around the nucleus.
• Bohr orbits were replaced with Quantum-mechanical Orbitals.
• Orbitals are different from orbits in that they represent probability
maps that show a statistical distribution of where the electron is
likely to be found.
The Quantum Numbers
The location and energy of every electrons in an atom is
determined by a set of 4 quantum numbers that describe different
atomic orbitals.
Atomic orbitals are regions of probability that electron can be
found.
Principal Quantum Numbers (n)
Principal Quantum Numbers (n)
Each energy sublevel relates to orbitals of
different shape.
Angular Momentum Quantum Numbers (l)
Angular Momentum Quantum Numbers (l)
S Orbital
P Orbital
D Orbital
D Orbital
 Angular Momentum Quantum Numbers (l)
• Orbitals are sometimes
represented by dots, where the dot
density is proportional to the
probability of finding the electron.
• The dot density for the 1s orbital
is greatest near the nucleus and
decreases farther away from the
nucleus.
• The electron is more likely to be
found close to the nucleus than far
away from it.
Magnetic Quantum Numbers (ml)
Magnetic Quantum Numbers (ml)
Spin Quantum Numbers (ms)
Practice and Application: