Unit III

Speciality products

Subject: Petroleum Refining Technology

Code: CHCE 3010
Faculty: Dr. Seim Timung
Petroleum products

Here we will discuss about three

speciality products:
1. Carbon black
2. Petroleum coke
3. Waxes
 Carbon black
Carbon black is composed of fine particles of
elementary carbon formed by the incomplete
combustion of hydrocarbon gases and liquids.

Carbon black is produced by the reaction of a

hydrocarbon fuel such as FCC tar, coal tar, cracked
tar with a limited supply of combustion air at
temperatures of 1320 to 1540°C (2400 to 2800°F).

The unburned carbon is collected as an extremely

fine black fluffy particle, 10 to 500 nanometers (nm)
in diameter.
Production of carbon black
 Production of carbon black
1. Generation of carbon black
Fuel and air are introduced into a special
reaction chamber lined with fire-bricks with
heat resistance of up to about 2000°C, and
are completely burned to generate a high-
temperature atmosphere of over 1400°C.
Raw liquid oil (feedstock oil) is then
introduced to thermally decompose it in
order to generate carbon black.
2. Separating and Collecting Carbon Black
The generated carbon black is mixed with
high-temperature gas.
Water is sprayed onto it to quench the carbon
black generating reaction, and then carbon
black and exhaust gas are separated using a
bag filter.
 Production of carbon black
3. Processing to Bead (Pellet) Carbon Black 4. Packaging carbon black

The separated carbon black is processed to Products stored in silos are packed into
increase its bulk density before being hopper trucks, flexible containers, or paper
granulated. bags for shipment.
 Bag filter
A baghouse, also known as a baghouse filter, bag filter,
or fabric filter is an air pollution control device and dust
collector that removes particulates or gas released from
commercial processes out of the air.

Power plants, steel mills, pharmaceutical producers, food

manufacturers, chemical producers and other industrial
companies often use baghouses to control emission of
air pollutants.
Applications
 Applications
 Pigment  Resins and film coloring agents

• Carbon black has high tinting strength

• Carbon black has higher tinting
strength than other pigments. It
is used as a pigment in ink, news • Carbon black is also excellent for
paper printing, and paints
and is thermally stable, and therefore it
is suitable for coloring resins and films
that are heat-formed.
absorbing ultraviolet light, providing • Resins with carbon black are
both a superb resistance against used in automobile bumpers,
ultraviolet rays and a coloring effect wire coverings and steel pipe
when just a small amount is mixed with linings which require weather
resins. resistance in particular.
 Applications
 Electric conductive agent
• Carbon black particles have the graphite-type
crystalline structure, providing an excellent
electric conductivity.

• Therefore, carbon black is widely used as

conductive filler, being mixed in plastics,
elastomer, paints, adhesives, and pastes.

• Fuel caps and fuel-introducing pipes of automobiles,

for example, are required of electric conductivity for
preventing static. Therefore, carbon black is used as
an excellent antistatic agent.
 Safety and hazards
 Route to exposure
Inhalation
• Dust may be irritating to the
respiratory tract.
• Provide appropriate local exhaust
ventilation at machinery and at
places where dust can be
generated.
• Use mask when working in such
environment.
Eye contact Skin Contact
• May cause mechanical
• May cause mechanical
irritation, soiling, and skin
irritation.
drying.
• Avoid contact with eyes
• Avoid contact with skin by
by putting safety googles.
putting on gloves.
 Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring
mixture of hydrocarbons, generally in a liquid
state, which may also include compounds of
sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, metals, and other
elements
Naturally occurring, viscous, straw color-to-
Crude oil
black liquid.

Petroleum (or crude oil) is a fossil fuel

that was formed from the remains of
ancient marine organisms.