Miranti Dewi Pramaningtyas

Departemen Fisiologi FK UII

Size of muscle when contraction
Bigger than when its relaxation
Depends on the muscle tonus
Factor contributing:
The structure upper the muscle (subcutis, cutis)
The region (shape and fiber architecture)
The tendon tipe (origo and insersio)
Muscle structure
Basic functional unit of
the muscle is the
sarcomere
Sarcomere is composed
of thick filaments of
myosin and the thin
filaments of actin
Muscle structure
Muscle structure
Structure of thick
and thin filaments
Functional implications of shape
and fiber architecture
Direction of action:
 The resultant force generated by a muscle is directed
along the line of tendon
Muscle with twist geometry:
 the fibers shorten and brought to the same plane
Cramp muscle
Prolonged contraction of the muscle
The head of myosin can not dettach from actin
Lack of ATP
Lack of energy, some electrolits, etc
Calcium and ATP
Storage place of calcium: sarcoplasm reticulum (like
soft endoplasmic reticulum)

ATP: does myosin has ATP?

Motor unit
Definition: all the
branches of a single
somatic motor neuron
and all the fibers it
innervates
MU recruitment: more
MUs are activated when
there is a demand for
increased strenght
Motor unit
 All the muscle fibers of a motor unit contract and relax
together

 Motor unit recruitmen produce smooth

movement
Muscular contraction
Sliding-filament mechanism
 Cross-bridge Cycle

This animation by Mike Geeves,

Laboratory of Molecular Biology in the UK
and the Cambridge Institute for Medical
Research
The contraction cycle
1. ATP hydrolysis
The myosin head
include:
ADP &
Phosphat
e
2. Attachment of myosin
The energized myosin head attaches to the myosin-
binding site on actin
Release the previously hydrolized phosphate
The myosin head that attached to actin makes an
“crossbridge”
3. Power stroke
Crossbridge form, the power stroke occurs
During the power stroke, the site on the crossbrigde
where ADP is still bound opens,
The crossbridge rotate and release the ADP
The crossbridge generate force as it rotates toward
the center of the sarcomere, sliding the thin filament
past the thich filament toward the M-line
4. Detachment of myosin from
actin
At the end of power stroke, the crossbridge remain
firmly attached to actin until it binds another molecul
of ATP.
As ATP binds to the ATP-binding site on the myosin
head, the myosin head detaches from actin
Role of Ca ions in the contraction
regulation
Muscle tone
A small amount of tautness or tension 9n the muscle
due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor
unit
Established by neurons in the brain and spinal cord
Muscle tone keeps skeletal muscles firm
ATP production
The multiple sources of ATP in muscle.
Fiber type of adult skeletal muscle
 Classification of muscle fibers
morphology: red, white
histochemistry: myosin ATPase, myosin phenotipe
physiology: fast &
slow contracting, fatigue resistant.
biochemistry: oxidative, glycolytic, etc.
Review
Structure of sceletal muscle
Muscle contraction mechanism
The size of the muscle when contraction
Muscle cramp
Calcium in reticulum sarcoplasmwhy?
ATP in muscle fiber where?