DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Lecture
On
GATES
&
UNIVERSAL GATES
Delivered By:
Mr. RAJESH KUMAR
A.P.- ECE
Basics Gates
( AOI)


AND

OR

INVERTER (NOT)
AND GATE
OR GATE
INVERTER (NOT) GATE
Universal Gate
A universal gate is a gate which can be used to build
any logic circuit.
Types OF Universal Gates
There are two types of universal gates:
1. NAND Gate
2. NOR Gate
NAND Gate

AND INVERTER

+
NAND Gate
X
Z XYXY
Y

X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

8
NAND Gate as an Inverter Gate
X X  X (Before Bubble)

X ZX

X Z
0 1
1 0 Equivalent to Inverter

9
NAND Gate as an AND Gate XY
X
Z XYXY
Y

NAND Gate Inverter

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0 Equivalent to AND Gate
1 1 1

10
NAND Gate as an OR Gate X

X Y
Z  XY XY  XY
Y

Inverters NAND Gate

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1 Equivalent to OR Gate
1 1 1

11
NAND Gate Equivalent to AOI Gates
AND OR INVERTER

12
Universal Gate
A universal gate is a gate which can be used to build
any logic circuit.

2 . NOR Gate
NOR Gate
NOT

+
NOR Gate
X
Z XYX Y
Y

X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

15
NOR Gate as an Inverter Gate
XX X (Before Bubble)

X ZX

X Z
0 1
1 0 Equivalent to Inverter

16
NOR Gate as an OR Gate XY
X
Z XY XY
Y

NOR Gate “Inverter”

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1 Equivalent to OR Gate
1 1 1

17
NOR Gate as an AND Gate X

X Y
Z XYXYXY
Y

“Inverters” NOR Gate

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0 Equivalent to AND Gate
1 1 1

18
NOR Gate Equivalent of AOI Gates
AND OR INVERTER

19
 DeMorgan's Theorems
x1
x1 x1
x2 x2
x2

(a) x1 x2 = x1 + x2

x1
x1 x1
x2 x2
x2

(b) x1 + x2 = x1 x2
 Conversion of AND/OR/NOT logic TO
NAND Logic
1. First draw logic circuit with AOI logic.
2. If NAND gate has been chosen add bubbles on the output
of AND gate & bubbles on input side to all OR gates.
3. Add or subtract an inverter on each line that had received
a bubble in step 2.
4. Identify and eliminate any double inversions (i.e., back-
to-back inverters).
5. Redraw the final circuit by replacing bubbled OR by
NAND and NOT by equivalent NAND.
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Conversion of AND/OR/NOT logic TO
NOR Logic
1. If starting from a logic expression, implement the design
with AOI logic.
2. In the AOI implementation, identify and replace every
AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its NOR equivalent.
3. Redraw the circuit.
4. Identify and eliminate any double inversions. (i.e. back-
to-back inverters)
5. Redraw the final circuit.

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