TOPIC

5
Gas exchange
processes
Chapter 6
 Purpose & Goals

• Purpose - remove the burned gas and admit the fresh

charge for the next cycle
• Goals:
– Inducting of the maximum air mass
– mixture preparation (in SI engine) Fuel, Air and recycled
exhaust)
– setting up the flow field within the engine cylinders
(combustion process for satisfactory engine operation)

notes
 Four-stroke SI Engine
Intake system and average
pressure within it
Pressure drops depends on:
- engine speed,
- flow resistance of the
elements in the system,
- their cross-sectional area,
- charge density

(a) time-averaged values for a

multicylinder engine

notes
(b)
Four-stroke SI Engine

Valve timing and pressure-

volume diagram

Valve open phases are extended to:

- improve emptying an charging of
cylinder
- make use of inertia of gases in the
intake and exhaust systems

EVO 40-60˚ before BTC

EVC 15-30˚ after TDC
overlap
IVO 10-20˚ before TDC
IVC 50-70˚ after BDC

wide-open throttle
part throttle
notes
 Four-stroke SI Engine
Cylinder pressure and valve lift vs crank angle

notes
 1.28

1.24

1.20

1.16

1.12
PM AN1 [bar]

1.08

1.04

1.00

0.96

0.92

0.88

0.84

-360 - 30 0 -240 -180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180 240 300

Crank An gle [deg]

notes
 Turbocharged four-stroke CI Engine

Intake and exhaust

processes

Intake and exhaust process for

turbocharged four-stroke cycle
engine. The turbocharger compressor
C raises air pressure and temperature
compressor
from ambient po, To to pi, Ti.
Cylinder pressure during intake is
less than pi. During exhaust, the
cylinder gases flow through the
exhaust manifold to the turbocharger
turbine T. Manifold pressure p, may
vary during the exhaust process and
lies between cylinder pressure and
ambient

notes
 Volumetric efficiency
• Is a measure of the effectiveness of the engine and its
intake and exhaust systems as an air pumping device
2m a
• Defined for 4-stroke engines only as v 
 a ,0Vd N
• If a,0 is at atmospheric condition, then v is the overall
volumetric efficiency

• If a,0 is at inlet manifold conditions; v then measures the

pumping performance of the cylinder, inlet port, and valve
alone

• Discussion will cover unthrottled engine operation

notes
 Volumetric efficiency

Is affected by
• Fuel type, F/A ratio, fuel heat of vaporization
• Mixture temperature as influenced by heat transfer

• Ratio of exhaust to inlet manifold pressures

• Compression ratio
• Engine speed

• Intake and exhaust manifold and port design

• Intake and exhaust valve geometry, size, lift, and timings
notes
 Volumetric efficiency vs. mean piston speed

Volumetric efficiency of SI Engine is

lower than that of diesel due to:
- flow losses in carburetor and
throttle;
- intake manifold heating;
- higher residual gas fraction

notes
Effect on volumetric efficiency of different phenomena

notes
 Flow through valves

• Volumetric efficiency is affected by intake and

exhaust valve geometry, size, lift, and timings

notes
 Flow through valves (Flow rate &
discharge coefficients
• Mass flow rate of subsonic flow
1
1
  1
 2 • CD: Discharge coefficient
CD AR p0  pT   2   pT   
  • AR : Reference area
m  1    1   
 p0     1   p0  • P0 : Stagnation pressure
 0
RT 2
 
 



• T0: Stagnation
temperature
• When flow is choked and 
pT  2   1
 
p0    1 
 1
CD AR p0 1
 2  2  1
m   
2

1
   1 
 RT0  2

notes
 Flow through valves

• For flow into the cylinder through an intake valve, p0 is the

intake system pressure and pT is the cylinder pressure

• For flow out of the cylinder through an exhaust valve, p0 is

the cylinder pressure and pT is the exhaust system
pressure
• The value of CD and the choice of reference area are linked
together; their product is the effective flow area AE of the
valve
• Geometric minimum flow area is one of the choice for
reference area
notes
 Poppet valve geometry
Parameters defining
poppet valve geometry

notes
 Valve open area
• Instantaneous valve flow area depends on the valve lift and
geometric details of the valve head, seat, and stem
• Minimum valve flow area is calculated for three stages of
valve lift
For low valve lifts, the minimum flow area corresponds to
a frustrum of a right circular cone where the conical face
between the valve and the seat, which is perpendicular
to the seat, defines the flow area.

notes
 Valve open area
For first stage minimum flow area is between the valve and
the seat, perpendicular to the seat. For this stage
 Lv 
Am   Lv cos   Dv  2 w  sin 2  
 2 

where ß is the valve seat angle, Lv, is the valve lift, Dv, is the
valve head diameter and w is the seat width

notes
 Valve open area
For second stage minimum flow area is still between the
valve and the seat, but not longer perpendicular to the seat.
For this stage
1

Am   Dm  Lv  w tan    w2 
 2 2
 

notes
 Valve open area
For third stage, Finally, when the valve lift is sufficiently
large, the minimum flow area is no longer between the valve
head and seat. It is the port flow area minus the sectional

area of the valve stem
Am 
4
 D 2
p  Ds
2

Dp: Port diameter
DS: Valve stem diameter

notes
Valve open area

Valve-lift curve and valves

open area as a function of
camshaft angle

The maximum valve lift is normally

about 12 percent of
the cylinder bore.

notes
Scavenging in
two stroke
engines

Flow configurations
a) Cross-scavenged;
b) loop-scavenged;
c) Uniflow-scavenged
Scavenging in two stroke engines

Methods of pressurizing the charge:

a) Crankcase compression; b) roots blower; c) centrifugal compressor.
 Scavenging parameters
The following overall parameters are used to describe the
scavenging process
mass of delivered air per cycle
Delivery ratio 
reference mass

mass of delivered air retained

Trapping efficiency tr 
mass of delivered air
Indicates what fraction of the air supplied to the cylinder is retained in the cylinder
mass of delivered air retained
Scavenging efficiency sc 
mass of trapped cylinder charge
Indicates to what extent the residual gases in the cylinder have been replaced with fresh air
mass of delivered air retained
Charging efficiency ch 
displaced volume x ambient density

Indicates how effectively the cylinder volume has been filled with fresh air
End of Topic

notes