Cultural, social and

political Institution
Cultural Institution
 cultural institution or cultural organization is
an organization within a culture/sub-culture
that works for the preservation or promotion
of culture.
social institution
 social institution is defined as a collection of
individuals banded together in pursuit of a
common purpose. A social institution's
common purposes include granting its
members certain rights and privileges.
Members of a social institution also possess
certain delineated duties, responsibilities and
liabilities. As a group, the people making up a
social institution share common objectives
and goals.
Political Institution
 political institution is a system of politics and
government. It is usually compared to the law
system, economic system, cultural system,
and other social systems. It is different from
them, and can be generally defined on a
spectrum from left, i.e. communism and
socialism to the right, i.e. fascism.
 Kinship
 Kinship is a family relationship. You might
describe the wonderful, close kinship you
have with your favorite cousin.
 Kinship can also describe a close family-like

relationship, like the kinship of the teachers

at your school who have worked together for
many years and who all care deeply about
students and learning.
Types of kinship
 1. Affinal Kinship
The bond of marriage is called affinal
kinship. When a person marries, he establishes
relationship not only with the girl whom he
marries but also with a number of other people
in the girl’s family. Moreover, it is not only the
person marrying who gets bound to the family
members of the girl but his family members
also get bound to the family members of the
girl.
 Thus, a host of relations are created as soon
as a marriage takes place. For example, after
marriage a person becomes not only a
husband, but he also becomes brother-in-
law and son-in- law.
 Likewise a girl on marriage becomes not only

a wife but also becomes daughter-in-law.

 2. Consanguineous Kinship
The bond of blood is called consanguineous
kinship. The consanguineous kin are related through
blood . The bond between parents and their children
and that between siblings is consanguineous
kinship. Siblings are the children of the same
parents. Thus, son, brother, sister, uncle (chacha),
elder uncle (taoo), nephew and cousin are
consanguineous kin.
Degree of Kinship
 On the basis of nearness or distance relatives
can be classified in several categories. Some
relatives are very close, direct and near, for
example, father-son, sister-brother,
husband-wife. They are called primary kin.
According to Dr. Dubey, there are eight such
primary kins. They are husband-wife, father-
son, mother- daughter, father-daughter,
mother-son, younger-elder brothers,
younger-elder sisters and sister-brother.
Secondly, there are secondary kins:
 They are primary kin of primary kin. In other
words, they are related through primary kin.
They are not our primary kin but are the primary
kin of our primary kin, hence our secondary kin.
For example, father’s brother (chacha), sister’s
husband (bahnoi) are secondary kin. The father
is my primary kin and his brother is the primary
kin of father. Therefore, father’s brother is my
secondary kin, the primary kin of primary kin.
Similarly, sister is may primary kin but her
husband is my secondary kin.
Thirdly, there are tertiary kins:
 They are the secondary kin of our primary kin or
primary kin of our secondary kin.Thus the wife
of brother-in-law(sala)called sarhaj in Hindi is
tertiary kin because brother-in- law is my
secondary kin and his wife is the primary kin of
brother-in-law. Similarly the brother-in-law of
my brother is my tertiary kin because the
brother is my primary kin and his brother-in-
law is the secondary kin of my brother.
 According to Murdock, there are thirty-three

secondary and 151 tertiary kins of a person.

Ritual Kinship
 Ritual kinship in the form of godparenthood
(compadrazgo) played an important role in
strengthening and extending the ties of
kinship, as it did in much of Latin America.
Parents selected godparents for a child at his
or her baptism, confirmation, and marriage.
The godparents were then tied to the parents
as coparents . Those chosen for the child's
baptism were considered the most important,
and great care was exercised in their selection.
 Often parents asked a close, important
relative to serve as godparent. The tie
between co-parents reinforced that of
kinship. The same godparents could serve for
the couple's successive children, a practice
that further strengthened the ties between
the families involved.
 Compadrazgo served different purposes in rural and urban areas
and among different social classes. In cities and among the more
prosperous, the institution principally fulfilled the requirements
for a Roman Catholic baptism. Godparents assumed the cost of
the baptism and were expected to give gifts on a godchild's
birthday and other significant occasions. Rarely did they have to
assume the responsibility of raising a godchild; if they did, the
financial wherewithal was provided through inheritance. In the
countryside and among the poor, the responsibility to care for the
godchild was taken more literally. If the parents were unable to
care for their offspring, a godparent was expected to do so or find
someone who could. Godparents should not only give gifts to the
godchild on special occasions, but also assist with his or her
schooling. Co-parents should come to one another's aid in times
of social or economic distress.
Marriage and Family
 Marriage- is an institution that admits men and
women to family life. Edward Westermarck defined
marriage as the more or less durable connection
between male and female lasting beyond the mere
act of propagation till after the birth of offspring.
Lowie defined it as a relatively permanent bond
between permissible mates. Malinowski defined
marriage as a contract for the production and
maintenance of children. According to Lundberg
Marriage consists of the rules and regulations that
define the rights, duties and privileges of husband
and wife with respect to each other.
Legal definition of marriage;
 Marriage -is a special contract of permanent
union between a man and a woman entered
into in accordance with law for the
establishment of conjugal and family life. It is
the foundation of the family and an inviolable
social institution whose nature, consequences,
and incidents are governed by law and not
subject to stipulation, except that marriage
settlements may fix the property relations
during the marriage within the limits provided
by this Code. (Article 1 of the Family Code)
What are the requirements to get married?
 To get married, one must make sure that both the

essential and formal requisites of marriage are

present:
The essential requisites of marriage are
 a) Legal capacity of the contracting parties who
must be a male and a female; and
 b) Consent freely given in the presence of the
solemnizing officer (Article 2 of the New Family Code).
The formal requisites of marriage are
 a) Authority of the solemnizing officer;
 b) A valid marriage license; and
 c) A marriage ceremony which takes place
with the appearance of the contracting
parties before the solemnizing officer and
their personal declaration that they take each
other as husband and wife in the presence of
not less than two witnesses of legal age.
(Article 3 of the Family Code)
Who may contract marriage?
 Any male or female of the age of eighteen years or upwards

not under any of the impediments mentioned in Articles 37

and 38, may contract marriage. (Article 5 of the Family Code)
Can a person marry a person of the same sex in our country?
 No. The law clearly states that the contracting parties must

be a male and a female. Marriages between persons of the

same sex are not valid and are not recognized in the
Philippines.
 “Any male or female of the age of eighteen years or upwards

not under any of the impediments mentioned in Articles 37

and 38, may contract marriage.” (Article 5 of the Family
Code)
Norms of marriage
 1. endogamy- is a rule that requires a person
to marry someone from within his group or
her group; tribe, nationality, religion, race,
community, or any other social grouping.
 2. exogamy- is a rule that requires a person

to marry someone from outside his or her

own group.
 3. sororate- prescribe that a widower marry
the sister or nearest kin of the deceased wife.
 4. Levirate- prescribe that a widow marry the

brother or nearest kin of the deceased

husband.
Forms of marriage
 1. Monogamy- marriage between one man
and one woman.
 2. Polygamy or plural marriages- three forms;

a. Polygyny- one husband and two or more wives.

b. Polyandry- one wife and two or more husband.
c. Group marriage- two or more husband and two
or more wives.
Why people Marry?
 Love  Money
 Economic security  Companionship
 Emotional security  Protection
 Parent’s wishes  Adventure
 Escape from loneliness  Sex and sexual attraction

 Common interest  Begetting and rearing of

 Parenthood interest children

 Physical attraction  Acceptance of

 Compatibility responsibility
 Marital bliss and  Death of the former

happiness spouse
 Unhappy home situation  Care and nurturance
Unacceptable practices in marriage
 Bigamy-the act of going through a marriage
ceremony while already married to another
person.
 Concubinage is committed by any husband

who shall keep a mistress in the conjugal

dwelling, or, shall have sexual intercourse,
under scandalous circumstances, with a
woman who is not his wife, or shall cohabit
with her in any other place (Article 334 of the
Revised Penal Code or RPC).
What is adultery?
 Adultery means the carnal relation between a
married woman and a man who is not her
husband, the latter knowing her to be
married, even if the marriage be subsequently
declared void (RPC, Article 333). Each sexual
intercourse constitutes a crime of adultery.
What are the differences between
adultery and concubinage?
 Adultery is committed by a wife (who must also be
charged together with the other man), while concubinage
is committed by a husband (who must be charged
together with the concubine).
 Proof of sexual intercourse is enough in adultery, but in
concubinage, the prosecution must prove that the sexual
intercourse must be under scandalous circumstances, or
that the husband kept a mistress in the conjugal dwelling
or cohabited with her in any other place.
 The penalty for concubinage is lower than that of
adultery. The penalty for the concubine is only destierro,
while the penalty for the man other in adultery is the
same as that of the guilty wife.
What is divorce?
 Divorce, also known as dissolution of
marriage, is the termination of a marriage or
marital union, the canceling and/or
reorganizing of the legal duties and
responsibilities of marriage, thus dissolving
the bonds of matrimony between a married
couple under the rule of law of the particular
country and/or state.
What is annulment?
 Annulment-legal declaration that ends a
marriage as though it never happened.
Grounds for Annulment of Marriage
in the Philippines
 Art. 45 of The Family Code of the Philippines states 6 grounds by which the
court can annul a marriage.
 The grounds for annulment of marriage are:
 1. Absence of Parental Consent. A marriage was solemnized and one or the
other party was eighteen (18) years of age or over but below twenty-one (21)
and consent was not given by the parents, guardian or person having
substitute parental authority. The Petition of Annulment must be filed within
five (5) years of having attained the age twenty-one. However, if the parties
freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife after having reached the
age of twenty-one (21) a Petition of Annulment can no longer be filed.
 2. Mental Illness. One or the either party was of unsound mind at the moment
of the marriage. But if the parties freely cohabited with each other after he or
she came to reason the law prohibits the filing of a Petition.
 3. Fraud. That the consent of either party was obtained by fraud, unless such
party once having knowledge of the fraud freely cohabited with the other as
husband and wife. The petition must be filed within five (5) of finding out the
facts of the fraud.
 4. That the consent of either party was obtained by force,
intimidation or undue influence. Except when the same has
ceased and the party filing the petition freely cohabited with the
other as husband and wife. The injured party must file within five
(5) years from the point in time the force, intimidation or undue
influence disappeared or came to an end.
 5. One or the other party was physically incapable of

consummating the marriage, and such incapacity continues and

appears to be incurable. The filing of the Petition of Annulment
must be filed within five (5) years after the marriage.
 6. Either party was at the time of marriage afflicted with a

sexually-transmitted-disease (STD) found to be serious and

seems to be incurable. This may also constitute fraud. The filing
of the Petition of Annulment must be filed within five (5) years
after the marriage.
Annulment vs. Divorce
 Divorce merely ends the marriage, an
annulment declares the entire marriage void,
as though it had never happened. Grounds
for annulment are stricter than grounds for a
divorce. Unlike separation, divorce and
annulment both completely dissolve the
marriage and free the spouses to remarry.
What is legal separation?
 Legal separation is an action taken by one
spouse who believes that the marriage has no
more hope of working. There is no divorce in
the Philippines, and so, to get out of an
unhappy or failing marriage, legal separation
is the only recourse.
What are the grounds for legal
separation?
 1. Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct
directed against the petitioner, a common child, or a child
of the petitioner.
 2. Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the
petitioner to change religious or political affiliation.
 3. Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the
petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner, to
engage in prostitution, or connivance in such corruption
or inducement.
 4. Final judgment sentencing the respondent to
imprisonment of more than six years, even if pardoned.
 5. Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the
respondent.
 6. Lesbianism or homosexuality of the
respondent.
 7. Contracting by the respondent of a
subsequent bigamous marriage, whether in the
Philippines or abroad.
 8. Sexual infidelity or perversion.
 9. Attempt by the respondent against the life of
the petitioner.
 10. Abandonment of petitioner by respondent
without justifiable cause for more than one year.
Family
 Family is the basic social institution and the
primary group in society.
 Group of people who are united by ties of

marriage, ancestry or adoption and who are

recognized by the community as constituting
a single household and as having the
responsibility for rearing children.

.
Global Functions of the Family;
 Economic support—food, clothing, shelter, etc.

 Emotional support—intimacy, companionship,

belonging, etc.
 Socialization of children—raising children, parenting

 Control of sexuality—defines and controls when and

with whom (e.g., marriage)

 Control of reproduction—defines the types of

relationships where children should/could be born

 Ascribed status—contexts of race, SES, religion,

kinship, etc
Patterns of Family organization
BASED ON INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OR MEMBERSHIP
1. Nuclear family: composed of husband and his
wife and their children in a union recognized by the
other members of the society.
Murdock(1949) states that every normal adult in a society
belongs to TWO KINDS OF NUCLEAR FAMILY:
The FAMILY OF ORIENTATION: family into which a
person is born and where he is reared or socialized.
The FAMILY OF PROCREATION: family that such
person established through marriage and consists of
a husband, a wife, sons/daughters.
2. Extended Family: composed of two or more
nuclear families, economically and socially related
to each other.
Types of extension:
 When unmarried and married children live with

their parents.
 Through husband and wife relationship: as in a

polygynous marriage.
 In POLYGYNY: the man keeps a number of

nuclear families and unites them under a larger

family group
BASED ON DESCENT
DESCENT implies family genealogical ties of a person
with a particular group of kinsfolk.
1. BILATERAL D.- reckoning(computation,
considering) of descent through both the father’s
and mother’s families.
2. PATRILINEAL D.- reckoning of descent through the
 father’s family only.
 3. MATRILINEAL D.- reckoning of descent through

the
mother’s family only.
 BASED ON RESIDENCE
This refers to the arrangements on where the newlyweds
will reside.
1. PATRILOCAL: the married couple live with or near
the husband’s family.
2. MATRILOCAL: the husband leaves his family and
sets up housekeeping with or near his wife’s family.
3. NEOLOCAL: the marries couple establish a new
home; they reside independently of the parents of
either groom or bride.
4. BILOCAL: it gives the couple a choice of staying with
either the groom’s or bride’s parents
BASED ON AUTHORITY
 This refers to whom the power and decision-

making is vested in the family.

1. PATRIARCHY: authority is vested in the oldest
male in the family, often the father.
2. MATRIARCHY: authority is vested in the mother
or the mother’s kin.
3. EGALITARIAN: the wife and the husband exercise
a more or less equal amount of authority.
4. MATRICENTRIC: authority is vested in the mother
due to prolonged absence of the father.
Politics of kinship
1. POLITICAL DYNASTY -understood as a lineage of
hereditary succession to an essentially same position
or various positions at the same time. Family
member’s one another to the position. Relationship
is established via succession or marriage
Supreme Court (SC) Justice Antonio Carpio in a ruling
in 2011 defined the term political dynasties in the case
of Navarro v. Ermita (GR No. 180050; April 12, 2011) as
a “phenomenon that concentrates political power and
public resources within the control of a few families
whose members alternately hold elective offices, deftly
skirting term limits.”
 IN THE PHILIPPINES We have
had a number of recorded
dynasties in the past 100
years or so.
 1.The Josons of Nueva Ecija;
 2.the Laurels, Rectos and
Levistes of Batangas;
 3.the Remullas and Revillas
of Cavite;
 4.the Dys and Albanos of
Isabela;
 5.the Osmeñas, Cuencos and
Duranos of Cebu;
 6.the Singsons of Ilocos Sur;
 7.the Ortegas of La Union;
 8. the Marcoses of Ilocos
Norte;
 9. the Espinosas of
Masbate;
 10. the Villafuertes of Bicol;
 11. the Buluts of Apayao;
 12. the Cuas of Quirino;
 13. the Ejercito-Estradas
of San Juan;
 14. the Binays of Makati…
 15. Cojuangco of Tarlac
2. political alliance, also referred to as a
political coalition, political bloc-is an
agreement for cooperation between different
political parties on common political agenda,
often for purposes of contesting an election to
mutually benefit by collectively clearing election
thresholds, or otherwise benefiting from
characteristics of the voting system or for
government formation after elections.