TYPES OF AC 3 PHASE MOTOR

Three
Phase motor

Synchronous
Induction Motor
(Segerak)

Squirrel cage Slip ring

(Sangkar tupai) (Gelang gelincir)
5.1 Construction & principles TOPIC 5 3 PHASE MOTOR
5.1 Construction & principles TOPIC 5 3 PHASE MOTOR
5.1 Construction & principles TOPIC 5 3 PHASE MOTOR
5.1 Construction & principles TOPIC 5 3 PHASE MOTOR
5.1 Construction & principles TOPIC 5 3 PHASE MOTOR

• motor has the same physical stator as a

synchronous machine.
• It consists of 2 major parts which are stator &
rotor.
• The rotor of the induction motor has a different
rotor construction.
• There are two different types of induction motor
rotor which can be placed inside the stator.
• One is called a squirrel cage rotor, while the other
is called a wound rotor or slip rings rotor.
5.1 Construction & principles TOPIC 5 3 PHASE MOTOR

The AC induction motor is a rotating electric machine

designed to operate from a 3-phase source of alternating
voltage. The stator is a classic three-phase stator with the
winding displaced by 120°.

Advantages AC induction motor

• Medium construction complexity, multiple fields on stator,
cage on rotor
• High reliability (no brush wear), even at very high
achievable speeds
• Medium efficiency - low speed, high efficiency - high speed
• Driven by multi-phase Inverter controllers
• Low cost per horsepower, higher than for 1-phase AC
induction motor
• Higher start torque than for 1-phase, easy to reverse motor
5.1 Construction & principles TOPIC 5 3 PHASE MOTOR

• Supplied with 3 phase 415V-1000V

• Most popular in Malaysia industrial
• Can rotate itself without outside source
• The name depends on the type of rotor and the
operation
• AC motors are electromagnetic devices that
have an alternating current as a power source.
• They operate on the principle of Faradays‘ law
of induction, which states that a rapidly
changing magnetic field produces an induced
e.m.f or voltage.
5.1.1 basic Construction of rotor&stator TOPIC 5 3 PHASE MOTOR
5.1.1 basic Construction of rotor&stator TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

Basic construction
3Φ induction motor

stator rotor

the stationary part of the rotating part of

the motor the motor
5.1.1 basic Construction of rotor&stator TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

STATOR

cylindrical frame core/winding

used for holding the armature built up of steel alloy

stamping and winding
made either of welded sheet which are placed inside the
steel, cast iron or cast slots of the laminated
aluminum alloy magnetic path
comprises a set of slotted
For a 3-phase motor, 3 sets
steel, laminations pressed
of windings are required, one
into the cylindrical space
for each phase.
inside the outer frame
5.1.1 basic Construction of rotor&stator TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

The electrical circuit of

the ROTOR can be either

Wound rotor type

which comprises 3 sets of insulated windings with
connections brought out to 3 slip rings mounted on
the shaft
external connections to the rotating part are made via
brushes onto the slip rings
Even though the aluminum rotor bars are in direct
contact with the steel laminations, practically all the
rotor current flows through the aluminum bars and not
in the laminations.
5.1.1 basic Construction of rotor&stator TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

The electrical circuit of

the ROTOR can be either

Squirrel cage rotor type

which comprises a set of copper or aluminum bars

installed into the slots, which are connected to an
end-ring at each end of the rotor
The construction of these rotor windings resembles a
‘squirrel cage’. Aluminum rotor bars are usually die-
cast into the rotor slots, which results in a very
rugged construction
5.1.1 basic Construction of rotor&stator TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR
5.1.2 differential construction of rotor TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR & SLIP RING MOTOR

SQUIRREL CAGE SLIP RING MOTOR

MOTOR

The rotor bars are not straight, but have some

skew to reduce noise and harmonics
5.1.2 differential construction of rotor TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

squirrel cage
The squirrel cage refers to the rotating exercise
cage for pet animals
The conductivity is made up of bars, solid copper
the rotor can be closed or semi closed type
5.1.2 differential construction of rotor TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR
Slip ring
• Rotor winding are usually ‘Y’ connected
• extra resistance can be inserted into the rotor circuit
• produce a high-resistance rotor circuit and modify
the torque-speed
• which can be beneficial in starting
• the rotor is semi closed type because they can
connected to resistors
5.1.2 differential construction of rotor TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR

5.1.2 differential construction of rotor TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

SLIP RING MOTOR

5.1.3 advantages & disadvantages TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

ADVANTAGES

SQUIRREL CAGE SLIP RING

Cheapest
High Starting torque with
less maintenance and rugged
low starting current
construction
Speed can be varied
requires less conductor material
high over loading
higher efficiency & power factor
capacity, smooth
eliminates the risks of sparking
acceleration under heavy
better cooled
loads
operate at nearly constant
no abnormal heating
speed, high over load capacity,
during starting
and operates at better power
factor.
5.1.3 advantages & disadvantages TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

Disadvantage:

SQUIRREL CAGE SLIP RING

Initial and maintenance

poor starting torque and
cost is more
high starting currents
Speed regulation is low
more sensitive to the
Efficiency is lower
supply voltage
Lower power factor at
fluctuations
the high loads
Speed constant
Sensitivity to
total energy loss during
fluctuations in supply
starting motor is more
voltage
5.1.3 advantages & disadvantages
application
SQUIRREL CAGE
used in Industrial
suitable for applications
where the drive requires
-constant speed,
-low starting torque and
-no speed control drives.
TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR
SLIP RING
generally employed
where load requires high
starting torque or good
speed control
They are employed in:
-hoists, elevators,
compressors, printing
presses, large ventilating
fans, loads requiring
speed control such as for
driving lifts and pumps.
5.1.2 differential construction of rotor TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR COUPLED

TO A WATER PUMP

PUMP MOTOR
5.1.6 elaborate on rotor slip TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR
synchronous speed
• This sub unit introduces the concept of rotor slip.
• Understanding rotor slip will also require the
synchronous speed, rotor speed, slip
percentage, frequency and voltage
• when rotor is either turn at a synchronous speed
or remained stationed.
120 f S
NS  P
where NNss :: synchronous
where synchronous speed
speed (rpm)
(rpm)
fs
fs :: frequency
frequency source
source (Hz)
(Hz)
PP :: number
number of
of poles
poles
5.1.6 elaborate on rotor slip TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR
rotor speed
• Slip speed is defined as the difference between
synchronous speed and rotor speed. This
statement shows that rotor speed can be
expressed by:
NNrr=
= NNss–– NNslip
slip
where: NNrr :: rotor
where: rotor speed
speed (rpm)
(rpm)
NNss :: synchronous
synchronous speed
speed (rpm)
(rpm)
NNslip
slip
:: slip
slip speed
speed (rpm)
(rpm)
NNrr=
= (1
(1 -- S)N
S)Nss
where: NNrr :: rotor
where: rotor speed
speed (rpm)
(rpm)
NNss :: synchronous
synchronous speed
speed (rpm)
(rpm)
SS :: slip
slip
5.1.6 elaborate on rotor slip TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR
Slip

  

s = 0 when rotor turn at a synchronous speed

s = 1 when the rotor is at a stationary.
5.1.6 elaborate on rotor slip TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR
Slip frequency
ffrr == sf
sfss

EErr == sE
sEococ(approximate)
(approximate)

where
where
ffrr :: frequency
frequency ofof the
the voltage
voltage &current
&current in in the
the rotor
rotor (Hz)
(Hz)
ffss :: frequency
frequency ofof the
the source
source (Hz)
(Hz)
EErr :: voltage
voltage induced
induced thethe rotor
rotor at
at slip(V)
slip(V)
EEococ:open-circuit
:open-circuit voltage
voltage induced
induced thethe rotor
rotor when
when rest(V)
rest(V)
SS :: slipslip
5.1.6 elaborate on rotor slip TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR
Emf expression
at
at static,
static,
NN == 00 && s=100%@1,
s=100%@1,
rotor
rotor frequency
frequency == supply
supply frequency,
frequency,
dgm
dgm maximum
maximum because
because relative
relative speed
speed is
is 100%
100%

When
When rotor
rotor start
start rotation
rotation relative
relative speed
speed && dgm
dgm reduces
reduces
Er
Er == ss xx Ebr
Ebr volt
volt
Er
Er == rotor
rotor voltage/phase
voltage/phase when when slip
slip (s)
(s)
Ebr=
Ebr= rotor
rotor voltage/phase
voltage/phase when when stator
stator

Frequency
Frequency && resistance
resistance reduces
reduces when
when speed
speed increases
increases
Xr
Xr == ss xx Xbr
Xbr ohm
ohm
Xbr=rotor
Xbr=rotor resistance
resistance at
at static
static
5.1.7 provide the expression TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR
The terms related to the induction motor 3Φ

synchronous Rotor speed

Slip (s)
speed(Ns) (Nr)

• Speed ​of the • Speed ​of • 

magnetic rotation,
field Nr<3%-4% Ns
• 
• 
• Ns=120f psm • to upgraded
P Nr, Ns must be
upgraded first,
5.1.7 provide the expression TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR
Motor speed
 Rotor speed at full load,
 S decreases when load reduce and the N increases
 difference with N full load and no load is to small.

The power factor of induction motors varies with load, typically

from around 0.85 or 0.90 at full load to as low as 0.35 at no-
load, due to stator and rotor leakage and magnetizing
reactance
Rotor frequency
 At static rotor frequency = supply frequency
 when rotor move value of frequency also changes in the
relative speed and rotor flux
Fr = sf Hz.
5.1.7 provide the expression TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

3 types of torque
Starter Speeding torque Running torque
torque
overcome
the static motor can move from
starter to static at full
friction & speed,
torque Due to heat loss,
motor
starter reduction in efficiency &
torque
next this organization poor speed
same as
torque will so speed control is less
load
be moves than speed ½ without
torque
the motor the load is not
recommended
5.1.8 identify loss & power level TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

 
5.1.8 identify loss & power level TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

• where is stator electrical speed, is rotor

mechanical speed
• Since the short-circuited rotor windings have
small resistance, a small slip induces a large
current in the rotor and produces large torque.
• At full rated load, slip varies from more than 5%
for small or special purpose motors to less than
1% for large motors.
• These speed variations can cause load-sharing
problems when differently sized motors are
mechanically connected. Various methods are
available to reduce slip, VFDs often offering the
best solution
5.1.8 identify loss & power level TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

Full load motor efficiency varies from about 85% to

97%, related motor losses being broken down
roughly as follows:

• Friction and windage, 5% – 15%

• Iron or core losses, 15% – 25%
• Stator losses, 25% – 40%
• Rotor losses, 15% – 25%
• Stray load losses, 10% – 20%.
5.1.8 identify loss & power level TOPIC 5 3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR

Input power(Pin)=3 x absorbed power every phase

= 3 x VpIp cosΦ Watt

From Pin half will be lost as heat:-

i. R rotor winding Pcus=3Is2Rs W
ii. stator iron core loss due the hysteresis &
eddy current (Pis)
Torque
production AC
Abilities motor motor in pull @
for rotation, unit push, between 3 types of torque
newton-meters rotation
(Nm)
magnetic field in starter torque,
strong @ weak stator & rotation speed torque
torque running torque
contingent of magnetic field in
how it is created. rotor by mutual
induction
 %S
%S == Ns Ns -- Nr
Nr XX 100%
100%
Ns
Ns
where:
where: %S:
%S: percentage
percentage slip
slip
Ns:
Ns: synchronous
synchronous speed
speed (rpm)
(rpm)
Nr:
Nr: rotor
rotor speed
speed (rpm)
(rpm)
Example
1.Calculate the synchronous speed of a three phase
induction motor having 20 poles when it is connected to
a 50Hz source.
2.From an example 1, if the value of the slip speed is
120rpm. Calculate the rotor speed and the slip.
3.One induction motor three-phase has synchronous
speed 1200rpm and rotor speed 60rpm. Calculate the
percent of the slip.
 Faktor Kuasa
• Dalam motor aruhan, faktor kuasa yang dihasilkan adalah
faktor kuasa mengekor (aruhan).

• Faktor kuasa bagi motor berkelajuan tinggi dengan beban

penuh boleh mencapai 90%. Pada 3/4 beban penuh, bagi
motor yang besar dengan kelajuan yang tinggi, faktor kuasa
boleh mencapai 92%.

• Faktor kuasa bagi motor kecil dengan kelajuan yang perlahan

boleh menjadi serendah 50%.Pada permulaan faktor kuasa
yang terhasil di antara 10% hingga 25% dan meningkat
sehingga motor mencapai kelajuan penuh.

• Perubahan nilai faktor kuasa bergantung kepada perubahan

nilai beban mekanikal yang dikenakan pada motor tersebut
seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah.
 Kecekapan
• Motor aruhan 3 fasa yang besar lebih cekap berbanding dengan motor 3
fasa yang kecil dan motor 1-fasa.
• Motor aruhan yang besar boleh mencapai kecekapan sehingga 95% ketika
beban penuh.

• Kecekapan ketika beban yang kecil atau tiada beban adalah lemah kerana
nilai arus yang lebih digunakan untuk mengekalkan nilai uratdaya
pemagnetan. Bila dayakilas beban ditingkatkan, banyak arus digunakan
bagi menjana dayakilas, sementara arus pemagnetan adalah tetap.

• Kecekapan ketika 75% dayakilas beban penuh boleh melebihi kecekapan

ketika 100% dayakilas beban penuh.

• Kecekapan akan menyusut sedikit ketika 50% dayakilas beban penuh, dan
menyusut lagi ketika 25% daya kilas beban penuh.

• Kecekapan menjadi lemah apabila dibawah 25% daya kilas beban penuh.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perubahan kecekapan terhadap perubahan
nilai beban.
Faktor Kuasa dan Kecekapan
Motor Aruhan

Rajah Lengkuk Kecekapan dan Faktor Kuasa

EXAMPLE
1. One induction motor three-phase is connected to
a 50Hz source and Eoc = 15 V if a rotor at
stationary. Calculate the rotor frequency and
voltage rotor.

2. A 208 V, 10hp, four-pole 60Hz, Y connected

induction motor has a full load slip at 5%.
a) What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
b) What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?
c) What is the rotor frequency of this motor at the
rated load?