BUILDING SERVICES -IV

HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

Asst. Prof. EMIE B. FAIR
REFERENCES:
• Refrigeration and air conditioning - Ramesh Chandra Arora
• Refrigeration and air conditioning - Manohar Prasad
• Refrigeration and air conditioning - Ahmadul Ameen
• Refrigeration and air conditioning -C.P. Arora
• Refrigeration and air conditioning - W.F. Stocker
• Refrigeration and air conditioning - P.L. Balleny
• Refrigeration and air conditioning – Dossat
• Heating Ventilation and a/c - Fage C ,Mc quiston and Jarald D Parker-John Wiley
& Sons
• Refrigeration & air condition – Regiput
• ASHRAE data book
REFERENCES:
 MODULE : IV (14 HRS)
• Air conditioning systems – Room air conditioning systems – Window
A/C – split- packaged – central and unitary systems – summer - winter
- year round air conditioning systems – cooling load calculation –
various heat sources. Design of air conditioning systems – AHU – Duct
design – air distribution systems – draft – throw – entrainment ratio –
spread – location of air outlets – location of return air openings –
general considerations in air duct design and layout – noise and noise
control. Determination of duct size using equal friction (constant
pressure lose method)
 26-04-2021
TOPICS
• AHU
• Duct design
• Location of air outlets
• Location of return air openings
• General considerations in air duct design and layout
• Noise and noise control
Design of air conditioning systems

• Figure 22.1 shows the airflow arrangement in a typical air

conditioning system.
 DUCT DESIGN
• The purpose of air conditioning ductwork is to
deliver air from the fan to the diffusers which
distribute the air to the room.

• Air Moves Through the Ductwork in Response to

a Pressure Difference Created by the Fan
DUCT DESIGN
Duct design considerations: General considerations:
1. Material -The thickness of the duct sheet is mentioned by its gauge.
-Aspect ratio is the ratio of duct width to height. Aspect ratio 1:4 is
- Sheet metal (by gauge)
generally advised.
. Galvanized - The size and shape of the duct will depend upon the available space for
. Iron ducting, applications, CFM etc.,
. Aluminum
CFM = CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE
- Flexibility
. Insulated Std. velocity & Area high = CFM
. Tube low .
Std. velocity & less area = CFM
2. Shape and size high.
- Rectangular, Square
- Round
- Oval
DUCT DESIGN METHODS
1. VELOCITY REDUCTION METHOD
2. EQUAL FRICTION METHOD
3. STATIC REGAIN METHOD
DUCT DESIGN METHODS
DUCT DESIGN METHODS
DUCT DESIGN METHODS
MAIN NOISE SOURCES
BASIC MEASURES OF NOISE
CONTROL
BASIC MEASURES OF NOISE
CONTROL
AHU
• An air handler, or air handling unit ( AHU), is a device used to regulate and
circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC)
system.
• An air handler is usually a large metal box containing a blower, heating or
cooling elements, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers.
•  Air handlers usually connect to a ductwork ventilation system that
distributes the conditioned air through the building and returns it to the
AHU.
• Sometimes AHUs discharge (supply) and admit (return) air directly to and
from the space served without ductwork
AHU
Components of AHU
FILTERS
• Air filtration is almost always present in order to provide clean dust-
free air to the building occupants.
• Filtration is typically placed first in the AHU in order to keep all the
downstream components clean. 
HEATING/COOLING COIL
• Air handlers may need to provide heating, cooling, or both to change
the supply air temperature, and humidity level depending on the
location and the application. 
Components of AHU
HUMIDIFIER
• Humidification is often necessary in colder climates where continuous heating will
make the air drier, resulting in uncomfortable air quality.
MIXING CHAMBER 
• In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers commonly have provisions to
allow the introduction of outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the
building.
• In temperate climates, mixing the right amount of cooler outside air with warmer
return air can be used to approach the desired supply air temperature.
• A mixing chamber is therefore used which has dampers controlling the ratio
between the return, outside, and exhaust air.
Components of AHU
VIBRATION ISOLATER
• The blowers in an air handler can create substantial vibration and the
large area of the duct system would transmit this noise and vibration
to the occupants of the building.
• To avoid this, vibration isolators (flexible sections) are normally
inserted into the duct immediately before and after the air handler
and often also between the fan compartment and the rest of the AHU.
• The rubberized canvas-like material of these sections allows the air
handler components to vibrate without transmitting this motion to the
attached ducts.
Components of AHU
BLOWER/ FAN
• Air handlers typically employ a large cage blower driven by an AC
induction electric motor to move the air.
• The blower may operate at a single speed, offer a variety of set
speeds, or be driven by a variable-frequency drive to allow a wide
range of air flow rates.
• Flow rate may also be controlled by inlet vanes or outlet dampers on
the fan.
General considerations in air duct design
and layout
General considerations in air duct design
and layout
General considerations in air duct design
and layout
General considerations in air duct design
and layout
Location of supply air outlets & return air outlets

• TYPES OF AIR DISTRIBUTION DIFFUSERS:

1. Grilles and Registers

2. Ceiling diffusers
3. Slot diffusers
4. Light Troffer-Diffuser
1.Grilles and Registers
• A grille is an outlet for supply air or an
inlet for return air. A register is a grille with
a volume control damper.
• Figure 39.5 shows the front view of a
supply air grille with horizontal and
vertical vanes.
• The vanes, either fixed or adjustable are
used for deflecting airflow.
• They can be mounted either on the
sidewalls or in the ceiling.
 2. Ceiling diffusers

• A ceiling diffuser consists of concentric rings or

inner cones made up of vanes arranged in fixed
directions.
• Ceiling diffusers can be round, square or
rectangular in shape. Figure 39.6 (a) shows
square and rectangular ceiling diffuser, and Fig.
39.6(b) shows a perforated diffuser.
• A square diffuser is widely used for supply air. In
the diffusers the supply air is discharged through
the concentric air passages in all directions.
• Ceiling diffusers are normally mounted at the
center of the conditioned space
3. Slot diffusers

• A slot diffuser consists of a plenum box

with single or multiple slots and air
deflecting vanes.
• These are mounted either on the side
walls or in the ceiling.
• Linear slot diffusers mounted on the
sidewalls can be as long as 30 meters.
These are used for both supply air and
return air.
 Light Troffer-Diffuser

• A light troffer-diffuser combines a fluorescent

light troffer and a slot diffuser.
• The slot can be used either as supply air outlet
or return air inlet.
• It is an integrated layout of light troffer, diffuser
and return slots can be formed on suspended
ceilings
• A combination of light troffer and return slot
reduces the space cooling load as the return air
absorbs a part of the heat emitted by the
lights.