HORIZONTAL POSITION

BY TRAVERSE AND
SIDESHOTS
TRAVERSE
• Series of consecutive lines whose
ends have been marked in the
field and whose lengths and
directions have been determined
from observations.
TRAVERSING
• Act of marking the lines that is
establishing traverse stations and
making the necessary
observations as one of the most
basic and widely practiced means
of determining the relative
locations of points.
TYPES
Closed
• Lines return to the starting point thus
forming a closed figure that is both
geometrically and mathematically closed.
Open
• Geometrically and mathematically open
• Consists of a series of lines that are
connected but do not return to the
starting point or close upon a point of
equal or greater order accuracy.
• Should be avoided because they offer no
means of checking for observational
errors and mistakes
TRAVERSE
ADJUSTMENT
• Adjusting a traverse
(also known as
balancing a traverse)
is used to distributed
the closure error back
into the angle and
distance
measurements.
Compass Rule
• also known as the
Bowditch Rule
• applies a proportion
of the closure error
to each line.
• distributes closure
error based on the
proportion of a line's
length to the entire
distance surveyed.
Adjusted Length and
Direction
• Regardless of the
adjustment method
applied, changing a
line's Lat and Dep
will in turn change
the length and
direction of the line.
EXAMPLES:
A. Traverse with Bearings
1. Adjust the Lats and Deps
EXAMPLES:
A. Traverse with Bearings
1. Adjust the Lats and Deps
A common mistake is to forget to
negate Lat err and Dep err in the
correction equations. If that
happens, the closure condition
will be twice what it originally
was as the corrections were
applied in the wrong direction.
A. Traverse with Bearings
2. Compute Adjusted Lengths
and Directions
A. Traverse with Bearings
2. Compute Adjusted Lengths
and Directions
EXAMPLES:
B. Traverse with Azimuths
1. Adjust the Lats and Deps
EXAMPLES:
B. Traverse with Azimuths
1. Adjust the Lats and Deps
EXAMPLES:
B. Traverse with Azimuths
2. Compute adjusted lengths
and directions
EXAMPLES:
B. Traverse with Azimuths
2. Compute adjusted lengths
and directions
EXAMPLES:
C. Crossing Loop Traverse
As long as a traverse closes
back on its beginning point, it
can be adjusted the same as
any other loop traverse.
1. Adjust and recompute each
Line
EXAMPLES:
C. Crossing Loop Traverse
1. Adjust and recompute each
Line