Hybrid Electric

Vehicles
Contents
Part I: Current transportation
scenario
Part II: EV & why that is not the
solution now
Part III: Concept of
hybridization
Part IV: Architectures of Hybrids
Part I: Current transportation
scenario
Over dependence on petrol/diesel-it’s
depletion
Rising petrol/diesel prices
Pollution and the resultant global
warming
Noise in conventional vehicles
Need for alternate power sources
EV, HEV - The solution?
HEV,EV?
A traditional vehicle has sole propulsion by ICE or diesel
engine
EV - Electric Vehicle, battery (or ultra capacitor, fly
wheels) operated only. Sole propulsion by electric motor
An HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) is a vehicle which
involves multiple sources of propulsions
Part II: EV & why that is not the
solution now
High Initial Cost- Many times that of conventional
vehicles
Short Driving Range- Range anxiety
Recharging takes much longer time than refueling
gasoline-lack of charging infrastructure
Battery pack takes space and weight of the vehicle which
otherwise is available to the people
Grid load
ICE + Electric motor = Propulsion
Part III: Concept of
hybridization?
Multiple sources of power
Making ICE work in most efficient range
Sizing of motor and ICE lower compared to conventional
vehicles and EV
Modes of operation
Part IV: Architectures of
Hybrids
According to the method the energy sources are
arranged
 Parallel HEV: Multiple propulsion sources can be
combined, or drive the vehicle alone with one of the
energy sources
Series HEV: Sole propulsion by electric motor, but
the electric energy comes from another on board
energy source, such as ICE
Power-split hybrid: Can work both as a series &
parallel type hybrid
Series architecture
Operation Mode of Series
Architecture
 Battery alone mode: engine is off,
vehicle is powered by the battery only
 Engine alone mode: power from
ICE/G
 Combined mode: both ICE/G set and
battery provides power to the traction
motor
 Power split mode: ICE/G power split
to drive the vehicle and charge the
battery
 Stationary charging mode
 Regenerative braking mode
 Advantages of Series Disadvantages of Series
Architecture Architecture
ICE operation can be Energy converter twice
optimized, and ICE (ICE/G then Motor),
itself can be redesigned plus battery
to satisfy the needs Additional weight/cost
Smaller engine possible due to increased
High speed engine components
possible Traction motor,
Single gear box. No generator, ICE are full
transmission needed. sized to meet the
Multiple motors or vehicle performance
needs
wheel motors are
possible
Parallel Architecture
Operation Mode of Parallel
Architecture
 Motor alone mode: engine is
off, vehicle is powered by the
battery/motor only
 Engine alone mode: ICE
drive the vehicle alone
 Combined mode: both ICE
and motor provide power to
drive the vehicle
 Power split mode: ICE power
split to drive the vehicle and
charge the battery
 Stationary charging mode
 Regenerative braking mode
(include hybrid braking
 Advantages of Parallel Disadvantage of
Architecture
Parallel Architecture
ICE operation can be
optimized, with motor assist Complicated control
or share the power from the strategy
ICE
Complex transmission
Flexible in configurations
and gives room for
optimization of fuel
economy and emissions
Reduced engine size
Possible plug-in hybrid for
further improved fuel
economy and emission
reduction
TOYOTA Prius (Power-split) architecture
Modes of operation-TOYOTA Prius
Modes of operation-TOYOTA
Prius
At start-off/low-speeds, HSD
runs the car on the electric
motor(s) only
CRUISING: ICE power
FULL ACCELERATION:
ICE power + battery power
CRUISING: ICE power +
battery charging
DECELERATION,
BRAKING: kinetic energy
recuperation for battery
charging
Key advantages of HEVs
 Optimize the fuel economy
– Optimize the operating point of ICE
– Stop the ICE if not needed (ultra low speed and stops)
– Recover the kinetic energy at braking
– Reduce the size (hp and volume) of ICE
Reduce emissions
– Minimize the emissions when ICE is optimized in
operation
– Stop the ICE when it’s not needed
– Reduced size of ICE means less emissions
 Quiet Operation
– Ultra low noise at low speed because ICE is
stopped
– Quiet motor, motor is stopped when vehicle
comes to a stop, with engine already stopped
– Reduced maintenance because ICE operation is
optimized, less hazardous material, fewer
tune ups, longer life cycle of ICE
– Fewer spark-plug changes
– Fewer oil changes
– Fewer fuel filters, antifreeze, radiator flushes
or water
pumps
Key Concerns of HEVs
 High initial cost
– Increased components such as battery, electric machines, motor
controller, etc.
 Reliability concern
– Increased components, especially power system, electronics, sensors
 Warranty issues
– Issues on major electric components
– Dealership and repair shop not familiar with new components
 Safety: high voltage system employed in HEV
Part V: Commercial models
Toyota Prius
Toyota Highlander
Ford Escape
Mercury Mariner
Honda Insight
Honda Civic HEV
Honda Accord
HEV
Thank you