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Lecture 3
Memory
Devices that uses memory
See
Memory
Computer memory refers to devices that are used to
store data or programs (sequences of instructions) on a
temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic
digital computer.
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Volatile memory
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Classification based on access time
1. Internal processor memory (called
registers).
2. Main memory (primary memory).
1. Uses semiconductor technology.
2. Capacity more than processor memory.
3. Secondary memory.
1. Capacity more than main memory.
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Properties of memory devices
Access time:
◦ Rate at which data can be read from or written
to memory.
◦ Depends on physical characteristics.
◦ Low access time means high cost.
Punch card
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Memory Hierarchies
Microprocessor Cost per bit
Register
Built in cache
External Cache
Main Memory
Secondary Memory
Capacity
Access time
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Read Only Memory
ROM
◦ Used to store permanent data/program.
◦ nonvolatile.
◦ Contains the BIOS(Basic Input Output System).
PROM( Programmable ROM)
◦ Initially nothing stored.
◦ Data written by special programming device.
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Read Only Memory
EPROM( Erasable Programmable ROM)
◦ Can be erased and re-programmed.
◦ Ultraviolet light is used for alteration.
◦ Need special programming device
EEPROM(Electrically EPROM)
◦ Same as EPROM
◦ Uses electrical pulses for alteration.
◦ Can be re-programmed by keyboards commands
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RAM
Read/write.
Volatile.
Holds data and program that will be used by the
processor.
Access time (microseconds to nanosecs).
MOS and bipolar are used for RAM.
A single RAM chip can be 1 MB.
Higher capacity RAMs are built by connecting
more than 1 RAM chip
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RAM
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Classification
Static
◦ Does not require refreshing.
◦ High speed, costly, less complexity, used for
cache.
Dynamic
◦ Needs periodical refreshing.
◦ Slower, low cost, main memory, high
complexity.
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Cache Memory
Used for better performance.
Placed between CPU and RAM.
Its faster than RAM but slower than CPU.
High speed memory that holds
recently/frequently used data.
Main
CPU Cache Memory
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