Planning

PROF. MANOJ MISHRA

CNLU PATNA
 To be covered in this session

• Forecasting – Need & Techniques

• Principles of Planning
 Forecasting –
Need & Techniques
– QUALITATIVE
• JURY OR EXECUTIVE OPINION
• OPINION OF SALESPERSONS
• CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS
• DELPHI METHOD
– QUANTITATIVE
• TIME SERIES ANALYSIS
• CORRELATION
• REGRESSION
 FEATURES OF A GOOD PLAN
• LINKED TO LONG TERM OBJECTIVES
• DIRECTION FOR ACTION
• CONSISTENT
• FEASIBLE
• SIMPLICITY
• FEXIBLE
 Principles of Planning
• Purpose and nature of planning
– Principle of contribution to objective
• The purpose of every plan and all supporting plans is to promote
the accomplishment of enterprise objective.
– Principle of objective
• Objectives must be clear, verifiable and attainable.
– Principle of primacy of planning
• The more thoroughly individuals charged with planning
understand and agree to utilize consistent planning premises, the
more coordinated enterprise planning will be.
– Principle of efficiency of plans
 Principles of Planning
• The Structure of Plans
– Principle of planning premises
• The more thoroughly individuals charged with planning
understand and agree to utilize consistent planning premises, the
more coordinated enterprise planning will be.
– Principle of the strategy and policy framework
• The more strategies and policies are clearly understood and
implemented in practice, the more consistent and effective will be
the framework of enterprise plans.
 Principles of Planning
• The Process of Planning
– Principle of Limiting Factor
• By recognizing and overcoming those factors that stand critically
in the way of a goal, the best alternative course of action.
– The Commitment Principle
• Logical planning encompasses a future period of time necessary
to fulfill through a series of actions, the commitments involved in
the decisions made today.
 Principles of Planning
– Principle of Flexibility
• Building flexibility into plans will lessen the danger of losses
incurred through unexpected events, but the cost of flexibility
should be weighed against its advantages,
– Principle of Navigational Change
• The more that planning decisions commit individuals to a future
path, the more important it is to check on events and expectations
periodically and redraw plans as necessary to maintain a course
towards desired goals.
Thank You!