2.

System Models
Modeling of systems
Mechanical system ( translational system)
Rotational system
Electrical system
Fluid system
Pneumatic system
Thermal System
Combinational – rotational translational system
Combinational – electrical mechanical system
Combinational – hydraulic mechanical system
Modeling of systems
Represent a real life system through other suitable means
1. Graphical model
2. Prototype model
3. Mathematical model
4. FEA model
5. CAD model
Modeling of systems - need
To understand behavior of the systems
To predict the behavior of the systems
See effect of various parameters on behavior of systems
For research and development
For optimization
Modeling of systems – important points
Assumptions and simplifications
Balance between the above and actual system
Basic building blocks – lumped parameter system
Mathematical equations for building blocks
Energy considerations for building blocks
Formulation of a basic system by applying fundamental laws to system
Analogy between systems
1. Mechanical system - basics
Input – Force (F)
Output – Displacement (x)

Basic building blocks –

1. Spring – stiffness of system
2. Dashpot – forces opposing motion
3. Mass – inertia / resistance to acceleration
1. Mechanical system – building blocks
1. Mechanical system –
building blocks equations

Spring – F = kx

Damper – F = cv = c (dx/dt)

Mass – F = ma = m(d2x/dt2)
1. Mechanical system –
energy considerations

Spring (conserves) – E = ½.k.x2

Damper (dissipates) – E = cv2

Mass (conserves) – E = ½ m.v2

1. Mechanical system – building basic model
1. Mechanical system – building basic model
1. Mechanical system – model – other cases
1. Mechanical system – various applications

a. Machine mounted on
ground

b.An automobile / car

c. Passenger in a car
2. Rotational system - basics
Input – Torque (T)
Output – Angular Displacement (θ)

Basic building blocks –

1. Torsional Spring – stiffness of system
2. Rotary damper – torques opposing motion
3. Moment of inertia - inertia/ resistance to angular acceleration
2. Rotational system - equations
2. Rotational system – symbols / basic model
 3. Electrical system - basics
Input – Supply current (i) or Supply voltage (V)
Output – voltage across a component (v – vc, vi, vr)

Basic building blocks –

1. Inductance – voltage drop across it is proportional to rate of change of current
(di/dt) through it
2. Capacitance – voltage drop across it is proportional to charge q on capacitor
plates
3. Resistor – voltage drop across it is proportional to current I through it
3. Electrical system – building blocks equations

v = L (di/dt)

v=q/c; q = ∫ i. dt ; i = C (dv/dt)

v=R.i
3. Electrical system – energy considerations

Inductance (conserves) – E = ½.L.i2

Resistance (dissipates) – P = v2/R

Capacitance (conserves) – E = ½ C.v2

3. Electrical system – building basic model
Kirchoff’s laws: Law 1 – currents at a junction, Law 2 – voltages in a loop
3. Electrical system – building basic model
Kirchoff’s laws: Law 1 – currents at a junction, Law 2 – voltages in a loop
Analogy - Electrical system & mechanical system
Electrical System Mechanical System
1. Resistor (P = v2/R) 1. Dashpot (P = c.v2)
2. Dissipates Energy 2. Dissipates Energy
3. I = V / R 3. F = C. V
(Current, Voltage) (Force, Velocity)
4. Inductance,
4. Spring, Mass
Capacitance
 4. Hydraulic system - basics
Input – liquid in flow
Output – height of liquid in a container

Basic building blocks –

1. Hydraulic resistance (R) – resistance to flow
2. Hydraulic capacitance (C) – liquid container
3. Hydraulic inertance (I) – force required to accelerate fluid
4. Hydraulic system – building blocks
4. Hydraulic system – building blocks equations

1. P1 – P2 = R. q

2. q1 – q2 = A. (dh/dt) ; q1 – q2 = C.(dp/dt) ; C = A/ρg

3. P1 – P2 = I (dq/dt); I = L ρ/A
4. Hydraulic system – energy considerations

Hydraulic Capacitance (conserves)

Hydraulic Resistance (dissipates)

Hydraulic Inertance (conserves)

4. Hydraulic system – building basic model
4. Hydraulic & Pneumatic system