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Empirical and Molecular formula (1.6), Percentage Yield and Atom

Economy (1.9) and Parts Per Million (1.4)
S:
S = start of lesson S:

E = end of lesson E: E:

Grading= 1-5 Practice exam

questions
S: Calculate the percentage yield
and atom economy of reactions
Learning
E:
Outcomes
Progress
Define the terms percentage
Arrow: yield, and atom economy and
S: learn expressions for each.

E:

1.6 calculate Empirical and

molecular formula

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Do now task
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LESSON 5-Do now task

Use the method of calculating mass of reactants and products to

help you answer the question below:
• In an experiment, 11.5g of sodium is reacted with an excess of
chlorine. The mass of sodium chloride made is 23.4g.
1. What is the maximum amount of product that could be made.
2. What is the percentage yield?
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Answer
1. Write a balanced equation: 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
2. 11.5/23 = 0.5 moles
3. Ratio of Na : NaCl = 1:1
4. 0.478x RFM of NaCl = 0.5 x 58.5= 29.25g
5. % yield= 23.4/29.25 x100 = 80% Mass

Mole x Mr
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Recall GCSE-Calculating empirical formula

By mass or % mass
1. Divide the amount of each element present by its molar mass = molar ratio
2. Divide the answer by the smallest number
3. If needed, multiply answer by a value to get whole numbers (1:1.5 multiply by 2 to
get ratio 2:3)
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Empirical Formula
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
A hydrocarbon combusts completely to make 0.845g of CO2 and 0.173g of H2O. What is the
empirical formula of the hydrocarbon?

The Carbon in CO2 and CO2 H2O 1. Write H20 and CO2 as
the Hydrogen in H2O can headings
only come from the
0.845g 0.173g
2. Write the masses of
Hydrocarbon
44.0 18.0 each molecule

= 0.019 = 0.0096 3. Divide these by Relative

1 mole of CO2 has 1 mole of C atoms. 1 mole of H20 has 2 moles of H atoms. Molecular Mass to get
Original hydrocarbon must have 0.019 Original hydrocarbon must have 0.0096×2 = number of moles
moles of C atoms 0.0192 moles of H atoms
4. Divide the number of C
0.019 0.019 and H atoms by the
=1 = 1 smallest number of moles
0.019 0.019
Empirical Formula = CH
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Molecular formula
The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound

From the relative molecular mass (Mr) work out how many times the mass of the empirical
formula fits into the
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Caffeine (C4H5N2O ) has a molar mass of 194 g/mol, what is its molecular formula?
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Task 1
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Task 1
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Task 1 Answers
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Task 1 Answers
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Key Learning Points- Empirical and Molecular Formula

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Exam Practice I
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Exam Practice I

6D
8D
12D
13D
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Exam Practice II
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Exam Practice II

14B
15D
18B
21B
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Percentage yield calculations

• In industrial processes of the chemical industry, the reactions with highest yield are going to be the
most economic and produce the least waste that has to be dealt with.
• YIELD The actual yield is the mass of useful product you get from a chemical reaction and this
actual yield can be compared with the maximum theoretical yield if everything could be done
perfectly, which you can't!
• The % yield of a reaction is the percentage of the product obtained compared to the theoretical
maximum (predicted) yield calculated from the balanced equation.
• You get the predicted maximum theoretical yield from a reacting mass calculation
• The comparison of the actual yield and the theoretical maximum yield can be expressed as the
percentage yield.

ACTUAL YIELD (e.g. in grams, kg, tonnes)

PERCENTAGE YIELD = ------------------------------------------------------------- x 100
PREDICTED theoretical YIELD
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You have to calculate this for

yourself!
Percentage Yield

Percentage Yield = Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield × 100

The theoretical yield is the amount
of a product produced assuming NO
products are lost and ALL reactants
react fully. Click this button to see
how to work this out.
In a reaction involving the complete combustion of Calcium 32.6g of
Calcium Oxide was produced. The theoretical mass is 47.6g. Calculate
the percentage yield of this reaction.

Re
Percentage yield = Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield × 100
me
mb
er
y ie
Percentage Yield = 32.6g / 47.6g × 100
100 ld is
%. NE
V ER
Percentage Yield = 68.5%
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Reasons for not always obtaining 100% yield of

a desired product?
1. The reaction might not be 100% completed because it is reversible
reaction and an equilibrium is established
2. You always get losses of the desired product as it is separated from
the reaction mixture by filtration, distillation, crystallisation or
whatever method is required
3. Some of the reactants may react in another way to give a different
product to the one you want (so-called by-products).
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Atom Economy

Atom economy is how efficient a reaction is.

% Atom Economy = molecular mass of desired product Fe2O3 + 1.5C  2Fe + 1.5CO2
× 100
sum of molecular masses of all reactants

Atomic Mass of desired product =

2×55.8 = 111.6
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) can be reduced using Carbon (coke) to make pure Iron
and Carbon Dioxide. Calculate the atom economy in the extraction of Iron. Sum of Molecular Masses of all
reactants =
(2×55.8)+(3×16.0)+(1.5×12.0) =177.6
Remember!
Multiply by 2 as you
have 2 moles from
the equation Atom Economy = 111.6/177.6 ×100
Atom Economy = 62.8%
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Importance of Atom Economy

Atom economy is how efficient a reaction is.

High atom economies Companies will try to

produce less waste use reactions that
and so benefit the tend towards 100%
environment atom economy

Atom
Economy
High atom economies Higher atom economy
means that raw means less by-
materials are used products so less time
more efficiently. This and money spent
is more sustainable. separating these from
the desirable product.
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Exam Practice III

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Exam Practice IV
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Exam Practice III

5a) A
5B) B
10a) C
10b) B
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Exam Practice IV

9A
16 C
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Percentage purity of a chemical reaction product

Purity is very important e.g. for analytical standards in laboratories or pharmaceutical products where impurities could
have dangerous side effects in a drug or medicine.
• However in any chemical process it is almost impossible to get 100.00% purity and so samples are always analysed in
industry to monitor the quality of the product.
• The more a product is processed e.g. by distillation or crystallisation, the more costly the process, but the purer the product
gets.
• Somewhere there has to be a compromise, so it is important that before sale, the product is assayed or analysed as to its
percentage purity.
• It would not be acceptable e.g. in the pharmaceutical industry to manufacture a drug for treating us, with impurities in it,
that may have harmful effects.
• Similarly in fuels for road vehicles, which themselves have additives in to enhance engine performance, you wouldn't want
other impurities that may cause engine damage.
• You can apply the same sort of argument to thousands of domestic and industrial products from the chemical and
pharmaceutical industries.
• An assay is any procedure used to analyse and test for its purity of the % content of a specified component in a mixture of
a % of an element or ion etc.
% purity is the percentage of the material which is the actually desired chemical in a sample of it.
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Percentage Purity Equation

• Example Q1
• A 12.00g sample of a crystallised pharmaceutical product was found to contain
11.57g of the active drug.
• Calculate the % purity of the sample of the drug.
• % purity = actual amount of desired material x 100 / total amount of material
• % purity = 11.57 x 100 / 12 = 96.4% (to 1dp)
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Key Learning Points- % Yield and atom economy

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Parts per million: small quantities of gases,

liquids or solids
This is a way of expressing very dilute concentrations of substances (usually
pollutants).
Just as “per cent” means out of a hundred, so parts per million or ppm means out of a
million.
 
Usually describes the concentration of something in water or soil.
One ppm is equivalent to 1 milligram per dm3 of water (mg/dm3)
or 1 milligram per kilogram soil (mg/kg).
 or the volume of a gas pollutant in air.
One ppm is equivalent to 1 cm3 per 1 000 dm3 of air (1 000 000 cm3)
 
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Parts per million

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Worked example 1
A 250 cm3 sample of river water was found to contain 56 ppm of gold.
Calculate the mass of gold in the 250cm3 sample of river water.
 

The sample contains 56 ppm of gold = 56 mg per dm3 of river water

= 56 mg per 1000cm3
1 cm3 of water contains 56 / 1000 mg = 0.056 mg of gold
25 cm3 of water contains 0.056 x 25 = 1.4 mg = 1.4 x 10-3 g of gold
250 cm3 of water contains 1.4 x 10-3 x10= 1.4 x 10-2 g of gold
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Worked example 1
 

Talk each other through the calculation… Note that we can

just do 2/1.5 to
1. 2g/ 1.5 x106g =1.3 x10-6 get the answer!
2. 1.3 x10-6 x 1000000 ppm =

Answer: 1.3 ppm

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Worked example 1
Chronic exposure to CO (Carbon monoxide) at concentrations of 70
ppm or greater causes cardiac damage.
Would you be at serious risk if you were exposed 380 cm3 of
carbon monoxide in a 3500 dm3 room?
Talk each other through the calculation…

1. 380 cm3 in 3500000 cm3 = 380 cm3 in 3.5 million cm3

2. 380 / 3.5 = 108.6 ppm – You are in trouble! LOL

Answer: 108.6 ppm

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Exam Practice
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Exam Practice

1. B
2. C
4. B
13. C
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Practice II

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Practice II

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Practice III

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Practice III

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Learning Check
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Key Learning Points- Parts per million

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Revision/ Homework-Significant figures and Standard

form
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 Homework I-Further practice
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Homework I-Further practice- Answers

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Review: Key Learning Points

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