A B C D E F G H I J K

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7 TRANSPORTATIONSYSTE
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By: Pranav Y9A
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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INTRODUCTION
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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4 WHAT IS IT?
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6 • Transport (transportation) is the movement of any
object, living or non-living, from one location to
7 another.
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• This could be few blocks away from where you live
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or could be from continent to continent.
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• It is especially important in terms of commercial
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activity.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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MAIN MODES OF TRANSPORT
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14 LAND MARITIME AERIAL
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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HISTORY OF
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TRANSPORT
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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4 Humans learnt how to use
5 animals, such as horses,
donkeys and camels.
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7 4000 – 3000 BC
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FIRST
11 3100 BC
CIVILISATIONS
12 The Egyptians built sailing
People got around on foot. boats and the Romans laid
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down roads.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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In 1906, the first
combustion engine was
4 developed. It was
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implemented in cars,
planes and boats.
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7 20th CENTURY
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17th AND 18TH
11 PRESENT
CENTURY
12 Transportation systems are
Simple modes of transport sophisticated and
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were developed, such as advanced in terms of
14 bicycles. technologies.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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FUTURE OF
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TRANSPORT
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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3 Driverless cars will be
more common on the
4
streets and will be
5 available at the touch of a
button.
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2025
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2022 2027
12 The EHang AAV is set to The Virgin Hyperloop will
produce in 2022. It will be be open to the public by
13 the first public transport this time.
14 system to be in the air.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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Data will be closely
4 incorporated with transport
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systems and will be much
easier to access.
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7 2040 AND THE FUTURE
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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02
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TRANSPORT IN
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10 HONG KONG
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

1
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3 INTRODUCTION
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5 • Hong Kong only has a land area of 1,105 sq. km, but
6 it houses more than 7 million people.
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• Everyday, over 12.6 million passenger journeys are made
8 on the several public transport systems available in the
9 country, the highest in the world.
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• They include railways, buses, minibuses, trams, etc.
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12 • So, there are about 347 vehicles for every kilometer of
13 road. And the relief makes it increasingly difficult to build
14 new roads in the heavily developed regions.

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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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PUBLIC TRANSPORT
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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3 PROPORTIONS
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5 5% 41%
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OTHER RAIL
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10 TAXIS
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8% 46%
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13 BUSES
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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3 RAILWAYS
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5 • Hong Kong’s railways are safe, efficient, reliable,
comfortable and environmentally friendly.
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• They account for about 39 to 41% of all trips made on
8 public transport systems.
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10 • They are run by the MTR Corporation Limited.
The total length of the MTR Network is 266.3 km,
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including local lines and the Airport Express route.
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13 • It consists of 9 lines, such as the Kwun Tong and the
14 Tsuen Wan Line.

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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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RAILWAY TYPES
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AIRPORT EXPRESS LIGHT RAIL EXPRESS RAIL LINK
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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BUSES
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• Buses carry a third of the public transport sector, which
6 equals to approximately 12 million passengers
7 daily.
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• The company KMB has the highest share in the bus
market at 67%, compared to CityBus and New
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World First Bus.
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12 • However, the buses in Hong Kong have their own sub-
13 groups and specialise in one task.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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BUS TYPES
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FRANCHISED NON-FRANCHISED MINIBUSES
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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TAXIS
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• Taxis are one of the key public transport systems in Hong
5
Kong. There are about 18,163 of them.
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7 • It carries about 1 million passengers daily.
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9 • However, in accordance with the law, taxis only permit
hand luggage and not heavy goods.
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• Taximeters are installed in every taxi so that the
12 passenger can pay the price accordingly.
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14 • A hard-copy of the receipt can be issued by the driver on
request.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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TAXI TYPES
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URBAN NEW TERRITORIES LANTAU
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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FERRIES
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5 • Most of the ferry services are provided by licensed
and approved ferry operators.
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• So, there are now 12 ferry operators providing 19
8 regularly licensed routes to nearby islands across the
9 harbour.
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• However, the ‘Star Ferry’ is still franchised and is a
popular tourist attraction in Hong Kong.
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13 • As of 31st December 2020, the number of ferry
14 passengers were 31 million.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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FERRY TYPES
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ORDINARY FAST TOURIST
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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TRAMS
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• Electric trams have been operating on Hong Kong
5 island since 1904.
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7 • The main company is called ‘Hongkong
8 Tramways Limited’. It operates 7 routes
spanning over 13 kilometres.
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• The company has 167 trams, each having their own
11 different purpose. Thus, they have the world’s only
12 double-deck tram fleet!
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• More than 150,000 daily passenger trips have been
recorded.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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TRAM TYPES
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ANTIQUE PEAK TOURIST
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PRIVATE
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TRANSPORT
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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3 CARS AND MOTORCYCLES
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• In Hong Kong, there are about 76.3 private cars per
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1,000 of the total population. And this number has been
6 steadily increasing since 2009.
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8 • However, a large majority of the population prefer
public transport over cars.
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10 • The fuel price per gallon, parking fees, and tolls are
11 too high for some people to afford.
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13 • Motorcycles are used in Hong Kong but are not
14 very common in the streets. The laws surrounding them
are strict.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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03
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TRANSPORT IN
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10 BRAZIL
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

1
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3 INTRODUCTION
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• Transport infrastructure in Brazil has strong regional
differences and there is a lack of emphasis on the rail
6 network system.
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• However, the rapid growth in exports, with the
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developing economy, will place demands on transport
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systems.
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11 • Investments are being made by the government to further
12 develop these systems.
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• The most common transportation method is by air as it is
relatively cheaper.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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PUBLIC TRANSPORT
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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5 5%
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BOATS
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80%
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BUSES
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10%
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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3 AIR
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• In a large country like Brazil, travelling domestically is
more affordable than travelling by long-distance bus.
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7 • Thus, Brazil has the second largest number of
8 airports than the United States of America, with 44 of
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them.

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• Most international flights must be boarded at São
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Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport.
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• Airpasses are offered for tourists or first-time visitors
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to Brazil.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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MAIN AIRWAYS
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TAM GOL AZUL
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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3 BUSES
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• The bus network in Brazil is extremely extensive.
5 Unlike flights, they are punctual.
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7 • Long-distance buses are clean and comfortable. The
8 best services and quality are found in Southern
9 Brazil.
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• Most of them are operated by private companies.
Standard prices between them are almost the same.
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13 • Each town of considerable size has a bus depot. They
14 are always bustling with activity.
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BUS TYPES
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COMUM EXECUTIVO LEITO
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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3 RAILWAYS
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• The train service in Brazil is poor and many of the
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old railways have been dismantled to make way for
6 roads.
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• Most railways are used for ore transport from mines,
rather than people.
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• However, Curitiba – Morretes line is arguably the
11 most scenic in Brazil and is a popular tourist destination.
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• There are also vintage steam trains for tourists, such as
the Maria Fumaça (Smoking Mary).
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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RAILWAY TYPES
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METRO HIGH SPEED RAIL LOCOMOTIVE
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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3 BOATS
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• Travelling by boat is more popular than by train in
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certain parts of Brazil.
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7 • It is common in the Amazon and parts of the
8 North and North-Eastern Coast.
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10 • The boat network from Manaus is extensive and
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there are a wide range of vessels and destinations
available.
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13 • Boats are used to travel to coastal villages rather
14 than taking huge detours by cars.
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BOAT TYPES
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FISHING TOURIST CRUISE
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PRIVATE
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TRANSPORT
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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3 CARS AND MOTORCYCLES
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• Driving is the best way to experience the beauty and
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scenery of Brazil.
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7 • However, road conditions to change from region to
8 region.
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• The best roads are in Southern Brazil. The further
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North you go, the worse the conditions get.
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12 • The main motorcycle brand in Brazil is Honda.
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14 • Driving at night is considered dangerous in Brazil.
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04
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TRANSPORT IN
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10 NIGERIA
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

1
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3 INTRODUCTION
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• Nigeria’s transport infrastructure is slowly decaying. It
needs to be addressed.
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• The government has begun to repair the road and rail
8 network for the benefit of the society.
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10 • Most tourists and citizens are turned off by extreme
11 traffic jams in Nigeria that can make a 5-minute trip into a 2
hour one.
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• Regulatory systems either do not function as intended, or
14 are not followed by drivers, making roads risky.
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PUBLIC TRANSPORT
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3 PROPORTIONS
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10%
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AIR
8 40%
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30%
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BUSES RAIL
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

1
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3 AIR
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• The Murtala Muhammed International Airport
5 near Lagos was considered one of the worst airports in the
6 world!
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• Baggage carousels did not work, there wasn’t air conditioning,
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passengers were robbed when on the plane, and criminal
9 activity was common.
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• Many domestic air carriers were declared bankrupt, such as

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Air Nigeria due to lack of business.
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• Now, Arik Air is a large airline serving Nigeria and has
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transported over 10 million passengers.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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MAIN AIRWAYS
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AIR PEACE AZMAN AIR DANA AIR
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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3 RAILWAYS
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• Railways in Nigeria are operated by the Nigerian
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Railway Corporation.
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7 • There are 2 networks: The Cape
Gauge network
8 (3,505 km) and the Standard Gauge Network (669
9 km).
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• However, the Cape Gauge network is in a poor

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condition due to the lack of maintenance.
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• Thus, the Standard Gauge network is more
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commonly used and generates more revenue.
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RAILWAY TYPES
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WESTERN LINE EASTERN LINE MONORAIL
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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3 BUSES
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• The bus network in Nigeria is extensive, and each
city has their respective public transport buses.
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7 • However, buses in Nigeria are extremely
8 unpopular.
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10 • They are deemed unsafe because of poor
maintenance, rash driving and overcrowded seats.
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• City traffic is horrible, so more time needs to be
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allocated even for short journeys as the buses travel on
14 main roads.
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BUS TYPES
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ABC TRANSPORT GREENER LINE
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SERVICES TRANSPORT
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3 BOATS
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• Nigeria has 8,600 km of inland waterways.
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• The Niger Delta is most used by larger powered
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boats and for trade and commerce.
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9 • Recently, the Lagos State Ferry Services has
10 expanded its capacity with 7 additional high-capacity
speedboats.
11
12 • They have also included new cards in order to
13 encourage citizens to use the waterways more
14 frequently.

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BOAT TYPES
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FISHING FERRY OIL TANKER
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PRIVATE
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TRANSPORT
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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3 CARS AND MOTORCYCLES
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• Cars are the most used form of private transport in
5 Nigeria, along with motorcycles.
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7 • However, the roads that they travel on are poorly
maintained and cite for the country’s high rate of road
8
fatalities.
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10 • Private drivers and chauffeurs can be hired to drive the
11 car. But it is essential to make sure that they are not
criminals posing as greeters.
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13
• Toyota, Honda and Mercedes Benz are one of the most
14 famous car and motorcycle brands in Nigeria.
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TRANSPORT IN
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10 INDIA
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

1
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3 INTRODUCTION
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• India’s public transport systems are among the most
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heavily used in the world.
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7 • Transport in India is split into land, air and water.
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9 • They are the primary mode of transport for all Indians.
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11 • As India’s population is rising, the country is working
12 hard to make itself better over the next few decades.

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• Thus, they are focusing on revamping and improving
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public transport systems to ease congestion on roads.
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PUBLIC TRANSPORT
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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3 PROPORTIONS
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6%
6 AIR
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BUSES
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9 4%
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BOATS
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RAIL 20%
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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3 BUSES
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• Buses are an important part of public transport in
5
India.
6
7 • The government operates bus services through a
8 state road transport corporation.
9
10
• So, these corporations have been especially

11
useful in connecting remote villages and towns.
12
• From the 1990s, they have been refined as more
13 features were introduced. An example are low-floor
14 buses for the disabled.
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BUS TYPES
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TOUR COACH PUBLIC TRANSIT
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

1
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3 RAIL
4
• Rail services in India are provided by the government-
5
run Indian Railways.
6
7 • The total railway length in India makes it the world’s
8 fourth largest and second busiest network.
9
10
• The railway network is extensive: it covers more
than 7,000 stations over 123,000 km of track length!
11
12 • At present, the Vande Bharat Express is the
13 fastest in India, but plans have been unveiled for
14 future Maglev and Hyperloop technologies.
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RAILWAY TYPES
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SUBURBAN METRO SEMI-HIGH SPEED
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

1
2
3 AIR
4
• The aviation industry in India is controlled by the
5
Ministry of Civil Aviation.
6
7 • Many private companies have been formed to connect
8 India domestically and internationally to other
9 countries around the world.
10
11
• Helicopters are also a widely used form of
transport in India.
12
13 • India even has the world’s highest helipad on top of
14 a glacier!
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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MAIN AIRWAYS
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AIR INDIA SPICEJET INDIGO
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

1
2
3 BOATS
4
• India has a large network of inland waterways, especially
5
rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks.
6
7 • At the beginning, water transport was heavily
8 underutilised by India as railways and motorways were
9
more efficient.

10
• However, as the harmful effects of the enhanced
11
greenhouse effect was realised, Narendra Modi passed a new
12 act.
13
14
• This act states that more traffic will be shifted towards
water bodies instead of roads / railways.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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BOAT TYPES
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CATAMARAN CANOE NAVY
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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PRIVATE
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TRANSPORT
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

1
2
3 CARS AND MOTORCYCLES
4
• Two-wheelers, such as motorcycles and scooters, are
5
more popular due to their fuel efficiency and ease of
6
use in traffic jams.
7
8 • There are 47.5 million of them, compared to just 8.6
9 million cars.
10
11 • Many Indian citizens buy hatchback cars, due to their
affordability and fuel efficiency.
12
13
• Maruti, Hyundai and Tata Motors are the main car
14 brands in India.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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5

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COMPARISONS
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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Heading Hong Kong Brazil Nigeria India
3
4 Safety Rash driving and Pickpocketing and Kidnappings and Harassment of
5 narrow roads mugging armed robberies women

6
7 Most areas are Western / internal Villages / towns have North / north-eastern
Accessibility connected by roads or parts have poor poor transport parts have poor
8 rail transport systems transport

9
Introducing new Implementing P-8 ECO Bus System New fuel efficiency
10 Combating systems to reduce technology to reduce uses compressed standards are
Pollution nitrogen oxide sulfur dioxide natural gas instead of introduced to the new
11 emissions emissions fossil fuels fleet of vehicles
12
Smart City Blueprint Modernisation of West Africa Plans to introduce
13
Future Plans using 5G technology existing systems and TransFuture and Tech hyperloops to self-
14 to improvise further construction Summit Plan driven vehicles

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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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2
3
4
5

07
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7
8
FUTURE OF WORLD
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TRANSPORT
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

1
2
3 BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE
4
5 • This is an infrastructure development strategy
organised by the Chinese government.
6
7
• The stated objectives were to enhance cultural
8 interaction, education, and encourage talents.
9
10 • However, this requires up to $900 billion in
11
investments by Asian countries in order to be part of the
plan.
12
13 • It will cover over 68 countries, and 65% of the
14 world’s population.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

1
2
3 BUILD BACK BETTER WORLD
4
5 • It is an initiative taken by G7 countries to
6 counter China’s strategic influence of the BRI.

7
• Unlike the BRI, it will help low and middle-
8
income countries to develop.
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• This further builds on the Blue Dot Network,
11 which aims to lend finances to build roads,
12 railways, etc.

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• This ambitious project is aimed to finish in 2035.
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 A B C D E F G H I J K

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THANK
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YOU!
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