Summarizing de topic

of unit 1
Student: Narváez Moncada Pamela Gabriela
The history of
the
automobile Esta foto de Autor desconocido está bajo licencia CC BY-SA-NC
Vehicle

Vehicle is a machine, usually

with wheels and an Engine,
used for transporting
people or different things
on roads.
Types of Vehicle
Timeline
18th century

The history of the automobile begins as

early as 1769, with the creation of
steam engine automobiles capable of
human transport

19th century
 In 1806, the first cars powered by an
internal combustion engine running on
fuel gas appeared, which led to the
introduction in 1885 of the ubiquitous
modern gasoline- or petrol-fueled
internal combustion engine.
Timeline
20th century

Rudolf Diesel received a patent for

a compression ignition engine. The
first diesel engine was built in
1897.

21th century
Is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors
for propulsion. It can be powered by a collector
system, with electricity from extravehicular
sources, or it can be powered autonomously by
a battery (sometimes charged by solar panels, or
by converting fuel to electricity using fuel cells or
a generator)
 Important facts
Invented by Nikolas Augustus Otto in the 1870’s

Also know as the

four-stroke engine Internal combustion
because of its four- engine.
stroke cycle

Most commonly Used for cars,

used for automotive truck, generators,
industrial purposes. planes, and more.

Requires a
sparkplug in order
to begin
combustion
 Four Stroke Cycle Engines
Instake Compression
Occurs when the air-fuel mixture is The trapped air-fuel mixture is compressed
introduced to the combustion chamber. In inside the cylinder.
this stroke, the piston moves from TDC The charge is the volume of compressed
(Top Dead Center – the farthest position of air-fuel mixture trapped inside the
piston to the crankshaft) to BDC (Bottom combustion chamber ready for ignition. the
Dead Center – the nearest position of trapped air-fuel mixture is compressed
piston to the crankshaft.)  inside the cylinder

As the piston reaches BDC during the

The power stroke occurs when the
Combustion

power stroke, combustion is complete and

compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited with
the cylinder is filled with exhaust gases.
the help of a spark plug. Ignition or

Exhaust
The exhaust valves open during this stroke
Combustion is the rapid, oxidizing
and the inertia of the flywheel and other
chemical reaction in which a fuel
moving parts push the piston back to TDC,
chemically combines with oxygen in the
forcing the exhaust gases through the open
atmosphere and releases energy in the form
exhaust valve. At the end of the exhaust
of heat. The hot expanding gases force the
stroke, the piston is at TDC and one
piston head away from the cylinder head.
operating cycle has been completed.
Engine Parts
Cylinder Carburetor
Internal Combustion Engines
Backbone of the Engine
- Supports other components
- Part of basic tractor frame
- Contains cylinders

Bearing: surfaces providing

support to moving component

Journal: Surface of moving

component supported by bearing
 Cylinder heat
Seals the “top-end” of the combustion
chamber.
Contains the valves and the intake and
exhaust “ports”.
•Head bolts and head gasket ensure air-
tight seal of the combustion chamber.
•Contains oil and coolant passages.
•One-piece castings of iron
alloy.

Engine gaskets
Internal combustion engine
Valve operation
 Rocker arm

Valve spring
Valve train

Controls flow into and out of the

combustion chamber

Valves

Each Cylinder will have:

-Intake valve
-Exhaust valve
 Camshaft
Open the intake and exhaust valves at
correct time
and for correct duration.
•Driven by gear (or chain) from the
crankshaft.
•2:1 crankshaft to camshaft gear ratio.

Piston
 Connecting road

Connects the piston to

the crankshaft
• Converts reciprocating
piston motion to rotary
motion at the
crankshaft.
• Nomenclature
• Drop-forged steel

Pistón rings
 Piston pin

Pistón rings
Piston

Forms the “moveable bottom’

of the combustion chamber.

Material: Iron alloy or

aluminum

Rings

Compression
Oil control
Cast iron

Piston pin
 Crankshaft

Works with connecting rod to change

reciprocating to rotary motion.
•Transmits mechanical energy from the
engine.
•Made of heat-treated steel alloys.

Crankshaft bearings Bearings