Cellular Respiration Part II:

Glycolysis
 Big Idea

• Cellular respiration in eukaryotes

involves a series of coordinated enzyme-
catalyzed reactions that harvest free
energy from simple carbohydrates.
 Big Energy Events of Respiration

– Glycolysis (breaks down glucose into

two molecules of pyruvate)

– The citric acid cycle (completes the

breakdown of glucose)

– Oxidative phosphorylation (accounts

for most of the ATP synthesis)
 Electrons Electrons carried
carried via NADH and
via NADH FADH2

Glycolysis Citric Oxidative

Pyruvate acid phosphorylation:
oxidation cycle electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate
and
Acetyl CoA chemiosmosis

CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION

ATP ATP ATP

Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative

phosphorylation phosphorylation phosphorylation
Mitochondrion Oxygen

Water
Carbon
dioxide

ATP Fuel (glucose)

6
Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose
molecules, releasing free energy to form
ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate,
and resulting in the production of
pyruvate.

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 Glycolysis
• Glycolysis is thought to be one of the oldest
metabolic pathways.
• This energy harvesting process occurs in the
cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells.

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Mitochondrion ATP Glucose
Glycolysis

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 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by
oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

• Glycolysis (“splitting of sugar”) breaks down glucose

into two molecules of pyruvate
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major
phases
– Energy investment phase
– Energy payoff phase
• Glycolysis occurs whether or not O2 is present
Electron carrier (NADH)
ATP Pyruvic acid
 Glycolysis

• Activation energy input

• Splitting the fructose
• Harvesting the energy
– 2 NADH + H+, 2 ATP
– Two pyruvates (pyruvic acid)
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 Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Enzyme Enzyme

ADP
P
Substrate ATP
Product
 Inputs Outputs

Glycolysis
Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH
 What happens to the pyruvate?

Pyruvate is transported from the

cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where
further oxidation occurs.
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 Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

• Before the citric acid cycle can

begin, pyruvate must be converted
to acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA),
which links glycolysis to the citric
acid cycle
• This step is carried out by a
multienzyme complex that catalyzes
three reactions
Outer mitochondrial membrane Pyruvic acid

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Carbon dioxide
Electron carrier (NADH)
Acetyl CoA
 MITOCHONDRION
CYTOSOL CO2 Coenzyme A

1 3

NAD+ NADH + H+ Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate

Transport protein
Figure 9.6-3

Electrons Electrons carried

carried via NADH and
via NADH FADH2

Glycolysis Citric Oxidative

Pyruvate acid phosphorylation:
oxidation cycle electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate
and
Acetyl CoA chemiosmosis

CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION

ATP ATP ATP

Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative

phosphorylation phosphorylation phosphorylation
 Closing thoughts…
• What process is
represented by A?
• What process is
represented by B?
• C and D are products of A.
What could they represent?
• What process is occurring at
B?
• What does E represent?
• What is the fate of E?

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