Behaviorists assume that the only things that are real (or

at least worth studying) are the things we can see and

observe. We cannot see the mind ,the id, or the
unconscious, but we can see how people act, react and
behave. From behavior we may be able to make
inferences about the minds and the brain, but they are
not the primary focus of the investigation. t does not
look to the mind or the brain to understandthe causes of
abnormal behavior.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known primarily for
his work in classical conditioning. From his childhood days Pavlov
demonstrated intellectual curiosity along with an unusual energy which
he referred to as "the instinct for research". Pavlov abandoned his
religious career and devoted his life to science. In 1870, he enrolled in
the physics and mathematics department at the University of Saint
Petersburg in order to study natural science.

Born: 26 September 1849, Ryazan, Russia

Died: 27 February 1936, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Full name: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
Known for: Founder of modern behavior therapy; Classical
conditioning

Quotes
“Don't become a mere recorder of facts, but try to penetrate
the mystery of their origin”.

“Appetite, craving for food, is a constant and powerful

stimulator of the gastric glands”.

“But man has still another powerful resource: natural science

with its strictly objective methods”.
 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Learning by which neutral stimulus
becomes associated with a meaningful
stimulus and acquires the capacity to
elicit a similar response.
 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS) - is a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

• UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR) - is an unlearned response that is automatically elicted by the

UCS.

• CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS) - is a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned
response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

• CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR) - is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after
CS-UCS pairing.
• ACQUISITION - is the initial linking of stimuli and responses, which involves a neutral stimulus
being associated with the UCS so that the CS comes to elicit the CR.

 contiguity - occurs when two stimuli are experienced close together in time and, as a result an
association may be formed.
 contingency - the predictability of the occurence of one stimulus from the presence of another.

• GENERALIZATION - is the tendency of a new stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the
conditioned response.

• DISCRIMINATION - is the process to learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to respond to
others

• EXTINCTION - is the weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned
stimulus.

• SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY - is the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a
time delay without further conditioning
 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IN HUMANS

• COUNTERCONDITIONING - a classical conditioning procedure for weakening a CONDITIONED RESPONSE

by associating the fear - provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.
Burrhus Frederic Skinner, commonly known as B. F. Skinner, was
an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social
philosopher. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at
Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.

Born: 20 March 1904, Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, United States

Died: 18 August 1990, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Full name: Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Known for: Operant conditioning, Radical behaviorism, Applied
behavior analysis, Verbal Behavior

Quotes
“Education is what survives when what has been learned
has been forgotten”.

“A failure is not always a mistake, it may simply be the

best one can do under the circumstances. The real
mistake is to stop trying”.

“The real problem is not whether machines think but

whether men do”.
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS, DISABILITY
`SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS, DISABILITY AND COUNSELING INTERVENTIONS
AND COUNSELING PREVENTION
A substance use disorder (SUD), also known as a drug use disorder, is a medical condition in which the use
of one or more substances leads to a clinically significant impairment or distress.Substance use disorders are
characterized by an array of mental, physical, and behavioral symptoms that may cause problems related to
loss of control, strain to one's interpersonal life, hazardous use, tolerance, and withdrawal.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, lists 11 diagnostic classes of substance abuse

• Alcohol
• Amphetamines or similarly acting symphathomimetics
• Caffeine
• Cannabis
• Cocaine
• Hallucinogens
• Inhalants
• Nicotine
• Opiods
• Phencyclidine (PCP) or similarly acting drugs
• Sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics
Drug addiction and drug dependence are distinct components of substance use disorders. The severity of
substance use disorders can vary widely; in the diagnosis of a SUD, the severity of an individual's SUD is
qualified as mild, moderate, or severe on the basis of how many of the 11 diagnostic criteria are met. In the
DSM-5, the term drug addiction is synonymous with severe substance use disorder.

Addiction - is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse
consequences.

Drug Dependence - is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug administration, which results
in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use.

It also categorizes substance - related disorders into two groups: those that include disorders of abuse and
dependence and substance - induced disorders such as intoxication, withdrawal, delirium, dementia,
psychosis, mood disorder, anxiety, sexual dysfunction,and sleep disorder.