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By: Ms. Maicah Manansala

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SUBTOPICS OF THE LESSON

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What comes to your mind
when you hear the word
Minerals.

MINERALS? Minerals.
Minerals.
Minerals.
Minerals.
Minerals.
Minerals.
Minerals.
Minerals.
Minerals.
Minerals.
Minerals.

How about ROCKS? Minerals.

Minerals.
Minerals.
Minerals.
 Do you think that..

water is a tube ice is a snowflake is a

mineral? mineral? mineral?
1
MINERALS
A mineral is an inorganic, naturally
occurring solid that has a definite
chemical composition and atomic
structure.

Minerals are the building blocks of

rocks.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. naturally occurring - term which identifies mineral as part of earth’s
natural processes.
2. inorganic - means a substance is not a product of an organism.
3. homogeneous solid - minerals should have definite volume and rigid
shape
4. definite chemical composition—represented by a chemical formula
5. orderly crystalline structure - atoms of minerals are arranged in an
orderly and repeating pattern
RTUAZQ FLUSRU
QUARTZ SULFUR

RAPSDLEF
FELDSPAR
VITECOMUS
MCIA
MUSCOVITE
MICA LAANEG
GALENA

CALCITE
TICALCE
VINEOLI
OLIVINE
2
Most minerals can be characterized
and classified by their unique physical
properties: hardness, luster, color,
streak, specific gravity, cleavage,
fracture, and tenacity.

Geologists are able to identify minerals

because they have characteristic
physical properties.
Arrange the jumbled words.
COROL COLOR
TRSEAK
STREAK
SAHDNRES
HARDNESS
LRUTES
LUSTER
SRYCTAO RLFM
CRYSTAL FORM
ACLAVEGE
DTNSEIY CLEAVAGE
PDAIHANETIY DENSITY
TEYACINT DIAPHANEITY
CPFAIGIS ERTVICY TENACITY
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Properties of Minerals

Streak Luster Cleavage

Color Hardness Crystal Density

Form

Diaphaneity
Specific
Tenacity
Gravity
Properties of Minerals
Streak

• is one of the most obvious characteristic of

a mineral, unfortunately also the least
diagnostic. 
• many minerals share the same color. Color Har
• For example, several minerals are green in
color – olivine, epidote, and actinolite.
• On the other extreme, one mineral can take
on several different colors if there are
impurities in the chemical composition, such
as quartz, which can be clear, smoky, pink,
purple, or yellow.
Properties of Minerals

• color of mineral in
powdered form.

Streak Lust
 Color Crystal Density
Hardness Form

• minerals resistance to scratching

• color of mineral in Mohs Scale of Hardness
powdered form.
10 - Diamond
9 - Corundum
8 - Topaz
7 - Quartz
6 - Orthoclase
5 - Apatite
4 - Fluorite
3 - Calcite
2 - Gypsum
1 – Talc
Properties of Minerals
 Streak Luster
• how light is
Color
Hardness reflected off
a surface
• Metallic
• minerals resistance to • Non-metallic
scratching
Mohs Scale of Hardness
10 - Diamond
9 - Corundum
• color of mineral in 8 - Topaz
powdered form. 7 - Quartz
6 - Orthoclase
5 - Apatite
4 - Fluorite
3 - Calcite
2 - Gypsum
1 – Talc
Properties of Minerals
 Cleavage
Luster
Density

Hardness
Crystal
• how light is Form
reflected off a
surface • The external shape of a mineral crystal (or its
crystal form) is determined largely by its internal
atomic structure, which means that
this property can be highly diagnostic. 

Properties of Minerals
Properties of Minerals

• mineral’s
• The external shape of a mineral crystal (or
its crystal form) is determined largely by its
internal atomic structure, which means that
resistance to
this property can be highly diagnostic. 
being broken
and fracture
Cleavage
Streak Luster
 Properties of Minerals

• mineral’s resistance to
being broken and
fracture

• the ratio of its mass

Luster Cleavage to its volume. It is a
measure of how
much “stuff” is
squeezed into the
dness
Crystal Density amount of space the
Form mineral occupies. 
 Color Hardness Crystal Density
Form

Specific
Tenacity
Diaphaneity Gravity

• ability to allow
light to pass
through it. This is
affected by
chemical makeup
of the mineral
sample.

Properties of Minerals
 Color Hardness Crystal Density
Form

Specific
• ability to allow light to pass
Diaphaneity Tenacity Gravity
through it. This is affected by
chemical makeup of the
mineral sample.

• describes the minerals reaction to stress.

 Brittleness - a mineral turns into powder .
 Malleability - a mineral can be flattened by pounding with a hammer.
 Ductility - A mineral can be stretched into wire.
 Flexible but inelastic - Minerals are bent but they remain in the new
position.
 Flexible and elastic - Minerals are bent, and they bring back to their
original position.

Properties of Minerals
 Color Hardness Crystal Density
Form

Diaphaneity Tenacity Specific

• ability to allow light to pass
through it. This is affected by
chemical makeup of the
Gravity
mineral sample.

• describes the minerals reaction to stress. • the ratio between the mass
 Brittleness- a mineral turns into powder
 Malleability a mineral can be flattened by (weight) of a mineral and the
pounding with a hammer.
 Ductility- A mineral can be stretched into mass (weight) of an equal
wire.
 Flexible but inelastic-Minerals are bent but
volume of water. (SG = mineral
they remain in the new position. mass/water mass)
 Flexible and elastic- Minerals are bent, and
they bring back to their original position. • quartz with a density of 2.65 is
2.65 times as heavy as the
same volume of water.
Properties of Minerals
3
ROCKS
A rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or
aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is
categorized by the minerals included, sits
chemical composition and the way in which it is
formed.
Petrology is the scientific study of rocks.
Petrologists classify rocks based on how they
were formed.

IGNEOUS
ROCKS
Igneous rocks are classified based on:
1. Composition - it refers to rock’s mineral
and chemical make-up.
2. Texture - overall appearance of a rock
based on the size, shape, and arrangement of
interlocking mineral crystals.
• Are formed from hardening and
crystallization of magma or molten
material that originates deep within the
earth.
Two types of igneous rock:
A. Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms when
magma makes its way to Earth’s
surface as lava and then cools. The
crystals are very small (fine-grained)
since the cooling process is fast.
B. Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly
beneath the Earth surface and are
created by magma. The intrusive
igneous rocks have very large crystals
(coarse grained).
• Are formed from hardening and crystallization of
magma or molten material that originates deep
within the earth.
Two types of igneous rock:
Some cool so quickly that they form an amorphous
glass. These rocks include: andesite, basalt,
dacite, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, scoria, and
tuff.

A. Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms

when magma makes its way to
Earth’s surface as lava and then
cools. The crystals are very small
(fine-grained) since the cooling
process is fast.

B. Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly beneath the

Earth surface and are created by magma. The
intrusive igneous rocks have very large crystals
(coarse grained).
 Some cool so quickly that they form an amorphous
• glass. These rocks include: andesite, basalt,
Are formed from hardening and crystallization of
magma or molten material that originates deep dacite, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, scoria, and
within the earth. tuff.

Two types of igneous rock:

A. Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms when magma

makes its way to Earth’s surface as lava and then
cools. The crystals are very small (fine-grained)
since the cooling process is fast.

B. Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly

beneath the Earth surface and are
created by magma. The intrusive
igneous rocks have very large
crystals (coarse grained).
 Three types of sedimentary
SEDIMENTARY rocks
a. Clastic Sedimentary rock – formed

ROCKS from accumulation of clasts: little

pieces of broken rocks and shells.
Examples: conglomerate, breccia,
sandstone, shale.
• Are rocks that form from the compaction
b. Chemical - formed when dissolved
and cementation of sediments.
minerals precipitate from a solution.
• provide information about surface
Example: Halite - formed when a
conditions that existed in the Earth’s past.
body of seawater becomes closed
• Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other
off and evaporates.
fragments of materials called sediments,
c. Organic - rocks formed from the
accumulate in layers and over long period
accumulation of animal debris
of time harden into rocks.
Example: Coal - composed of
• Compaction-due to increase of pressure of
organic matter in the form of plants
layered sediments it bind together to form
fragments
the sedimentary rocks.
 Three types of sedimentary
rocks
Y a. Clastic – formed from accumulation of
clasts: little pieces of broken rocks and
shells. Examples: conglomerate,
breccia, sandstone, shale.
b. Chemical - formed when dissolved
minerals precipitate from a solution.
Example: Halite - formed when a body
of seawater becomes closed off and
evaporates.
c. Organic - rocks formed from the
accumulation of animal debris Example:
Coal - composed of organic matter in
the form of plants fragments.
Examples include: chalk, coal, diatomite,
some dolomites, and some limestones.
 METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
• forms from pre-existing rocks: either metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary or other
metamorphic rocks that have been altered by agents of metamorphism.
• Examples: quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite
• Metamorphism - transformation of one rock type into another.
2 types of metamorphism
• Regional - due to changes in pressure and temperature over large region of the crust. It may
happen when rock is buried deep below the surface of the earth.
• Contact - the rock minerals and textures are changed mainly by heat due to contact with
magma.
Classification:
1.Texture - refers to the size arrangement and grains within the rock.
Foliation - any planar arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within the rock.
a. Foliated rocks – can be arranged in terms of increasing metamorphism, and it appeared
layered or banded with compressed mineral grains.
Example: mica
b. Non-foliated rocks – usually made up of only few minerals.
 Activity: ROCKS
Identify and classify the
types of rocks below as to
igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rock.

BASALT CHALK
GNEISS LIMESTONE OBSIDIAN
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC SEDIMENTARY IGNEOUS
4
Minerals can form on
the surface through
evaporation of solutions
containing dissolved minerals.

Minerals can form beneath

the surface when dissolved
elements and compounds
leave a hot water solution or
when materials melted in
magma/ lava then cools &
hardens.
Weathering describes the breaking down or
dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of the
Earth. (Water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals, and
changes in temperature are all agents of weathering.)
 
Once a rock has been broken down, a process
called erosion transports the bits of rock and mineral
away. 
dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of the
Earth. (Water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals, and
changes in temperature are all agents of weathering.)
 
Once a rock has been broken down, a process
called erosion transports the bits of rock and mineral
away. 

Compaction occurs when the overlying

sediments' weight compacts the grains as
tightly as possible.
Cementation is the process whereby dissolved
minerals in the water between the grains
crystallize cementing the grains together.
Mineral or not?

water tube ice snowflake plastic

wood salt sugar iceberg

5
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